Jul 2026· Abuja Journal of Public Law· Vol 5· 0 citations
TL;DR
The research found that the Nigeria Data Protection Act 2023 is a necessary but insufficient tool for managing the risks associated with AI-driven decision-making and there is absence of fair metrics; lack of explainable AI Standards; contextual inaccuracy and high risk processing ambiguity.
Abstract
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is transforming Nigeria's digital landscape, driving operational efficiency in sectors such as fintech, healthcare, and telecommunications. These AI systems rely heavily on large-scale processing of personal data to automate decisions, ranging from loan approvals to employment screening. While the Nigeria Data Protection Act (NDPA) 2023 represents a milestone in aligning Nigeria with global privacy standards, the inherent nature of AI—characterized by "black-box" decision-making and the potential to amplify existing social inequalities through biased training data—presents novel challenges. The core issue facing Nigerian data subjects is whether the existing data protection framework can prevent "AI-driven errors" and discriminatory outcomes. Despite the passage of the NDPA 2023, substantial enforcement and policy gaps remain concerning; AI-driven decision-making and algorithmic bias. The NDPA operates primarily as a privacy law rather than specialized AI-regulation Act, leading to several critical deficiencies like algorithmic opacity; unaccountable bias; limitations of human in the loop and enforcement challenges. The research adopted a doctrinal research methodology. It involves a critical analysis of the primary legislation and relevant case law. A comparative analysis is drawn with international frameworks, such as the European Union General Data Protection Regulation 2018, to evaluate the sufficiency of Nigeria's approach. The research found that there is absence of fair metrics; lack of explainable AI Standards; contextual inaccuracy and high risk processing ambiguity. It therefore recommended for legislative review, mandatory bias audit and enhanced transparency. The research concluded that the Nigeria Data Protection Act 2023 is a necessary but insufficient tool for managing the risks associated with AI-driven decision-making.
It is concluded that a holistic AI compliance framework integrating data governance, bias mitigation strategies, legal oversight, cybersecurity, and ethical accountability is essential for ensuring responsible and trustworthy AI deployment in high-stakes environments.
Joy Oluchi Nwachukwu, Thaddaeuse Odhiambo, Dorcas Akorkor Apaflo et al.· Journal of Economic, Finance...· 0 citations
This study showed how current policy architectures may permit the commercial use of student data and suggests immediate policy changes that would guarantee control of student data, ensure algorithmic accountability, and also prioritize the benefits of students over data monetization.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is increasingly transforming the functioning of governments by enabling data-driven decision-making, improving public service delivery, and enhancing administrative efficiency. In India, where governance involves managing a vast population, diverse socio-economic conditions, and complex administrative challenges, AI presents significant opportunities for improving the quality and accessibility of public services. The integration of AI into public administration can support predictive governance, automate routine administrative processes, strengthen policy implementation, and enable more responsive governance systems.
However, the adoption of AI in public administration also raises important concerns related to data privacy, algorithmic bias, transparency, accountability, and digital inequality. The effectiveness of AI-driven governance depends not only on technological advancement but also on ethical frameworks, institutional capacity, and inclusive policy approaches. Developing countries like India face additional challenges due to differences in digital infrastructure, administrative readiness, and public awareness.
This paper examines the role of Artificial Intelligence in Indian public administration by analysing its potential benefits, emerging challenges, and policy implications. It argues that AI should be viewed as a supportive tool that enhances human administrative capabilities rather than replacing human decision-making. The paper highlights the need for responsible AI governance, capacity building among public officials, stronger regulatory mechanisms, and citizen-centric approaches to ensure that AI contributes to transparent, efficient, and inclusive governance.
Laxmi· Journal of Frontiers in Mult...· 0 citations
The use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) is becoming more and more a tool for administrative decision making and is helping to improve the efficiency of the organization, analyse data and make decisions based on evidence, whether in the public or private sector. While it has been embraced and promoted, algorithmic bias, data privacy, transparency and accountability issues remain to be addressed to ensure responsible use. This narrative review aims to review the literature on how AI can be used to assist in administrative decision making in the past five years (2020–2025) using key academic databases. The review covers the applications, benefits, challenges and governance implications of AI, and the necessity for the role of human oversight in administrative processes. While the results reveal a range of benefits, including enhanced decision-making speed, operational efficiency, predictive capabilities, and service delivery, ethical and legal considerations, alongside organizational challenges, need to be addressed to ensure these advantages are effectively managed. This review is an integrated synthesis of the current evidence and underscores the importance of using AI to assist – not replace – the human administrator, and to ensure decisions are responsible, accountable and ethical.
Adil Moh. Almalik· International journal of com...· 0 citations
It was observed that AI-driven decision-making helps minimize bias if organizations use special AI algorithms for analyzing large amounts of data and producing conclusions from them.
Borhan Omar Ahmad Al-Dalaien, Modafar Al-Hroub, Rahaf Al-Syouf et al.· Corporate Board: role, dutie...· 0 citations
The use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the banking sector enhances operational efficiency, the accuracy of decision-making, and the quality of customer services. However, AI’s reliance on large-scale data processing creates risks to personal data protection and privacy. This study analyses policies governing the implementation of AI in the banking sector by examining regulatory frameworks, data governance, and information security. It employs a qualitative method with a juridical-normative approach through an analysis of laws and regulations, financial-sector policies, and AI implementation practices in banking. The findings reveal a gap between the existing legal framework and its implementation. Although Indonesia has enacted the Personal Data Protection Law and sectoral regulations issued by the Financial Services Authority and Bank Indonesia, transparency, accountability, and AI risk controls have not been adequately implemented. The primary risks include excessive data collection, the use of data beyond its original purpose, algorithmic bias, and violations of data subjects’ rights in automated decision-making systems. Limited human resource capabilities and weak AI governance further increase legal and reputational risks for banking institutions. This study recommends strengthening AI governance based on the principles of privacy by design, data minimization, and accountability, supported by the harmonization of national regulations with international standards. The implementation of AI in the banking sector must balance technological efficiency with the protection of customers’ privacy rights.
Awaludin Marwan, Denisa Ramadhanty, Kunto Nurtjahyoko et al.· Global Leadership Organizati...· 0 citations
