Navigating Towards Zero Emissions: Decarbonization Pathways in Maritime Transport

Abstract

Maritime transport is a fundamental component of global trade, ensuring the movement of approximately 80% of goods worldwide. Despite its efficiency, the sector remains a notable contributor to greenhouse gas emissions, particularly carbon dioxide (CO2). In the context of increasing environmental concerns and international pressure to reduce emissions, decarbonization has become a strategic priority. This paper aims to examine the main pathways through which maritime transport can transition towards zero-emission operations. The study adopts a qualitative approach based on the analysis of recent industry reports, regulatory frameworks, and existing literature. It focuses on evaluating technological solutions, including alternative fuels such as liquified natural gas (LNG), methanol, ammonia and hydrogen, as well as energy-efficiency measures and operational improvements. Particular attention is given to international regulations and their role in shaping industry practices. The analysis indicates that no single solution can achieve full decarbonization independently. Instead, a combination of fuel innovation, technological advancement, and operational optimisation is required. While alternative fuels show significant potential, their widespread adoption is currently limited by infrastructure constraints, safety considerations, and economic factors. Regulatory measures are found to play a critical role in accelerating this transition. In conclusion, the decarbonization of maritime transport represents a complex but necessary transformation. Achieving zero emissions will depend on coordinated efforts between policymakers, industry stakeholders and technology developers. The findings of this paper contribute to a better understanding of current challenges and highlight practical pathways for a more sustainable maritime future.