The stress-axis in multiple sclerosis: Clinical, cellular and molecular aspects

Cortisol Dysregulation as a Major Factor in the Development of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Drug Targets and Therapeutic Prospects: A Comprehensive Review.

Cortisol, regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, is critical for stress response, metabolism, and immune function. Its dysregulation is increasingly implicated in neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), amyotrophic latera...

Mechanisms and Clinical Assessment of Fear of Disease Progression in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive, life-limiting neurodegenerative disease characterized primarily by motor dysfunction, although cognitive and behavioral impairment occurs in a substantial subset of patients. Progressive functional decline and prognostic uncertainty may contribute to pronounced fear...

Neuroinflammation as a Key Target in the Treatment of Post-Stroke Depression

ERBB4 and Neurodegeneration: Association Between Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenal (HPA) Axis: Associated Neurodegenerative Pathogenesis

The hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis is the central neuroendocrine system that controls physiological stress responses and maintains homeostasis through the coordinated interactions among the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal cortex. Dysregulation of the HPA axis is associated with stress-related psyc...

Research Progress on the Gut–Brain Axis in the Pathogenesis and Progression of Alzheimer’s Disease

Memory impairment and broader cognitive decline emerge gradually in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), although amyloid-β deposition, tau abnormalities, and neuroinflammatory changes often develop well before the clinical picture is fully established. Drug therapy can lessen selected symptoms, but it does not prevent continuing...

Immunometabolic Dysregulation and Cognitive Dysfunction in Major Depressive Disorder: The Role of Chronic Low-Grade Inflammation

Major depressive disorder is a heterogeneous psychiatric condition frequently accompanied by persistent cognitive dysfunction involving executive function, attention, memory, processing speed, and motivational processes. Increasing evidence suggests that chronic low-grade inflammation and immunometabolic dysregulation...