Nov 2026· Engineering and Technology Journal· 0 citations
Abstract
Microstrip antennas are very important in modern wireless communication systems due to their small size, low cost of manufacturing and easy integration with electronic devices. With the continuous development of wireless technologies, the demand for antennas with better bandwidth, gain, radiation efficiency, miniaturization and intelligent design capability is growing. This paper provides a detailed narrative review on the recent developments in microstrip antenna technology in three complementary research areas: antenna design techniques, advanced substrate materials, and intelligent design and optimization methods. The recent studies were systematically gathered and analyzed, and compared critically based on the design methodologies, material characteristics, antenna performance, optimization approaches, practical applications, and reported limitations. As revealed by the review, innovative structural designs, engineered substrate materials and artificial intelligence based optimization techniques have been able to enhance the performance of the antennas while minimizing the complexity of the designs and the development time. Important research challenges are also identified, such as the need for multi-objective optimization, standardized evaluation methods, wider experimental validation, and better incorporation of advanced materials with intelligent optimization techniques. In general, the review shows that the integration of structural innovation, substrate engineering and intelligent computational methods is an effective way for the development of next generation microstrip antennas. The results provide a single reference for researchers and engineers to design compact, efficient, and intelligent antennas for future applications such as 5G and 6G, the Internet of Things, satellite communications, wearable electronics, and millimeter-wave wireless systems.
Microstrip patch antennas have gained wide acceptance in wireless communication due to their compact design, ease of fabrication, and effective performance across multiple frequency bands. Conventional shapes, however, often face limitations in terms of bandwidth, gain, and resonance stability. To address these challenges, this work presents a novel seven-sided septagon-shaped microstrip patch antenna incorporating a fractal geometry for multiband operation. The proposed antenna combines simplicity of structure with compact size, lightweight design, and robust electrical performance. Designed on an FR-4 epoxy substrate with a dielectric constant of 4.4 and a thickness of 1.6 mm, the antenna achieves optimized results through iterative fractal development, with the third iteration demonstrating the most stable performance. Simulation and optimization were performed using Ansys HFSS software to ensure accuracy and design reliability. The antenna effectively operates in both S and C bands, achieving superior return loss (S11 < -40 dB), near-ideal VSWR (~1.0), and improved gain characteristics. These features make it highly suitable for modern wireless communication systems, including WiMAX, WLAN, and emerging 5G and 6G networks. The design demonstrates potential for further integration into advanced reconfigurable and miniaturized antenna systems.
Jaidev B. Pandya, Dhaval R. Bhojani, Rushi J. Trivedi et al.· International journal of com...· 0 citations
An Emerging Terahertz (THz) communication technology is a promising technology for advanced wireless communication with incredibly fast data speeds. However, due to high-rate losses, impedance matching, and miniaturization of the antenna, it is a challenge to develop an effective antenna for the terahertz frequency range. Therefore, it is important to develop compact THz antennas for reliable use of terahertz communication as well as sensing applications. This study aims to design a planar type of microstrip THz antenna and evaluate its performance at 0.80 THz. The antenna is composed of a patch, ground plane, microstrip feed, and dielectric substrate. It ensures impedance matching as well as effective electromagnetic radiation. The study includes electromagnetic simulations to investigate various important parameters. The results obtained from the simulations have shown that the proposed antenna has a minimum reflection coefficient (−29.79 dB) and VSWR (1.06) at 0.80 THz of resonant frequency. In addition, it has a bandwidth of about 0.13 THz, with an efficiency of radiation of 89% and a maximum gain of 11.5 dBi. These outcomes show that the proposed compact THz antenna performs well, offering an efficient solution for terahertz communication, as well as advanced applications in imaging and sensing.
Amit J. Naik, A. Nandgaonkar· International Journal of Ele...· 0 citations
Context—In recent years, the increasing need for communication due to technological advancements, along with the rise in the number of manufacturers and users, has made the transition to 5th generation (5G) communication systems necessary. This transition to 5G communication has placed new requirements on antenna designs, necessitating the development of antennas with high bandwidth, a low profile, and the ability to support multiple users simultaneously. This paper focused on increasing the bandwidth of multiple input multiple output (MIMO) microstrip antennas and improving the isolation between ports.Objective—This article describes the design and fabrication of a low-profile, high-bandwidth, dual-polarization, four-port, 1×2 array microstrip MIMO antenna for systems operating at 5G frequencies. The designed antenna is manufactured, and its measurement results are compared with simulation results. To enable the proposed design to operate in dual polarization, two ports were placed perpendicular to the edges of the patch antenna. The patches are designed in a square shape to ensure the antenna has linear polarization and exhibits equal characteristics in both horizontal and vertical polarizations. It is aimed at the MIMO antenna to operate at a minimum of 25 GHz - 26 GHz range, linearly in dual polarization, and to have better than -20 dB isolation between ports despite the placement of patch structures with a distance 0.25λ. To increase the antenna bandwidth and improve isolation between ports, the defected ground structure (DGS) method and neutralization line method are employed in the design. The antenna is 2.4 cm × 2.96 cm in size and has 4 ports, achieves a bandwidth of 2.33 GHz with 7 dBi gain at two ports for horizontal polarization, and a bandwidth of 3.5 GHz with 9.18 dBi gain at two ports for vertical polarization. Additionally, the targeted isolation values between ports in the 25 GHz - 26 GHz range are achieved to be better than -20 dB. The designed MIMO antenna is also evaluated in terms of important MIMO parameters such as diversity gain (DG), envelope correlation coefficient (ECC), total active reflection coefficient (TARC), and channel capacity loss (CCL).Method—In the designed antenna, an RT/duroid 5880 substrate with a dielectric constant (εr) of 2.2, a loss tangent (tan δ) of 0.0009, and a thickness of 0.787 mm has been used. A 1 oz (0.035 mm) thick layer of copper was used on both the bottom (grounding plane) and top (radiation area) surfaces of the dielectric material.Results—To minimize the antenna's footprint, the patch structures were placed at a distance 0.25λ apart, while ensuring that the isolation between the ports remains below -20 dB. The bandwidths of the 4-port antenna were measured as 3.89 GHz, 4.72 GHz, 4.35 GHz, and 3.8 GHz respectively. Consistency was observed between the data obtained from measurements and simulation results.Conclusion—CST Microwave Studio simulation software was used for design and simulations.
Miraç Er, N. Akçam· Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühen...· 0 citations
Dual-polarized (DP) microstrip antennas are utilized in wireless systems for efficient data transmission. However, their bandwidth is typically very limited. In this contribution, we propose to design DP microstrip antennas with enhanced bandwidth using a density-based topology optimization approach. We formulate an optimization problem that simultaneously accounts for feeding port matching, the ports'isolation, and far-field dual-polarized performance. To enhance the bandwidth, we employ an FR4 stack-up, in which the copper on two layers is optimized simultaneously. We present two antenna designs operating around 5.7 GHz, which show a compromise in performance between a high isolation (more than 40 dB) and enhanced impedance bandwidth (around 10%). The optimized designs are experimentally validated, showing an excellent agreement between the simulated and measured performance.
Pan Lu, E. Wadbro, Viktoria Lundström et al.· 0 citations
In this article, design, fabrication, and analysis of low profile, easy fabricated microstrip antennas operating in the 0-2.5 GHz frequency range were carried out. These antennas operate at frequencies of approximately 2.3-2.21-2.16 GHz. The antennas consist of three parts such as patch, substrate, and ground plate. Substrate consists of FR-4 (dielectric coefficient 4.3 and loss tangent 0.025). The other parts, patch and ground plate, are made of copper material (electrical conductivity 5.8e+0.7 S/m). To realize the design of these antennas, Computer Simulation Technique (CST) studio suite microwave software was preferred. The frequency was chosen in the range of 0-2.5 GHz. The antenna was manufactured in order to evaluate the results of the simulations. A portable Vector Network Analyzer (VNA) device was preferred to compare the simulation and fabrication results. The reflection coefficient parameter was considered to evaluate proposed antenna results. The simulation result showed this value to be -23 dB at 2.2576 GHz, while for production this value was found to be 2.1575 GHz and -22.71 dB. It was observed that the simulation and fabrication results were in compatible with each other.
Hamdullah Öztürk· Journal of innovative scienc...· 0 citations
Microstrip Patch Antennas (MPA) are very popular in wireless communication systems due to their compactness, low profile, light weight, and ease of fabrication. The conventional microstrip antennas, however, have drawbacks like limited bandwidth, low gain, and single-frequency operation, which limit their applications in satellite communication, radar, and other advanced wireless systems. For the above problems, the design and analysis of a fractal patch array antenna with Defected Ground Structure (DGS) techniques to improve the performance of the antenna, and the design of a fractal antenna are discussed. The fractal geometries, such as the Sierpinski Triangle and Koch Curve, are used due to their self-similarity and space-filling properties, allowing for compact multiband and wideband antenna operation. The DGS is used to redistribute the ground-plane current distribution, which, in turn, improves the impedance matching, lowers the surface-wave losses, and increases the radiation efficiency. The proposed antenna is designed and simulated using the electromagnetic simulation software ANSYS HFSS. The important parameters that are required for the antennae like return loss, Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR), radiation pattern, gain and bandwidth are analyzed. The optimized antenna has a minimum return loss (S11) of about -55 dB at 8.6 GHz, a peak gain of 8.4 dBi, a VSWR of 1.02, and an impedance bandwidth of nearly 4.5 GHz in the -20 GHz operating frequency range. The proposed antenna applies to the modern multi-band wireless, radar, and satellite communication systems.
Unknown authors· International journal of com...· 0 citations
