Spatiotemporal Distribution of Ambient PM2,5 from HT9600 Particle Counter Data in Yogyakarta City

Abstract

PM2,5 particles constitute a primary air pollutant with considerable health consequences, particularly in metropolitan regions. The inadequate monitoring technologies and the lack of PM2,5 air quality data in the research area impede the attainment of sustainable development targets. This study evaluates the HT_9600 device as a feasible choice for monitoring ambient PM2,5 concentrations, contingent upon prior calibration. Calibration is conducted via a colocation test with the BAM1020 reference standard instrument. The performance metrics, including R2, RMSE, MSE, and MAE, exhibited a substantial reduction post-calibration; RMSE for HT_9600_A diminished from 2.65 µg/m3 to 1.50 µg/m3, whereas for HT_9600_B it reduced from 2.45 µg/m3 to 0.97 µg/m3, signifying enhanced accuracy. The coefficient of determination (R2) and NSE rose to 0.942 for HTI_9600_A and 0.9756 for HTI_9600_B, above the threshold of ≥ 0.70. The obtained calibration models are BAM1020 = 2.334 + 0.787 × HT_9600_A and BAM1020 = 2.258 + 0.844 × HTI_9600_B, with slopes and biases that comply with US EPA standards. This study offers an overview of ambient PM2,5 air quality in the study area, serving as crucial information for attaining Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) especially SDG3 and SDG11.