ETS transcription factor ELK3: Molecular insights and translational horizons in cancer (Review)

Abstract

Tumorigenesis is a complex multistage process, with its primary regulatory mechanisms involving the interplay of genetic alterations, immune dysfunction and metabolic abnormalities. Transcription factors serve a crucial role in gene expression regulation, participating in various tumor behaviors such as proliferation, metastasis, angiogenesis and drug resistance. Notably, the abnormal activity of transcription factors is closely associated with cancer initiation and progression, and can promote tumor growth, invasion and therapeutic resistance by regulating angiogenesis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition and metastasis-related gene expression. ELK3 belongs to the ETS transcription factor family and the ternary complex factor subfamily. ELK3 participates in multiple molecular biological processes, and is associated with the initiation, progression, invasion and metastasis of various tumors. The present review summarizes the latest research on the structure of ELK3 and its regulation in normal and tumor tissues, focusing on its primary functions in tumors and the signaling pathways involved. Additionally, the diagnostic value of ELK3 as a biomarker and its potential as a target for tumor-specific therapy are explored.