Jul 2026· Immunopharmacology and immunotoxicology· pp.
1-12
· 0 citations· 34 references
Medicine
TL;DR
It can be inferenced from data that VA can be safely used to treat arthritis especially in combination with MTX but it should be further evaluated in combination for long term use.
Abstract
Background
Rheumatoid arthritis is a systemic autoimmune disorders of joints. Its available therapies having serious adverse effects, high cost and poor patient compliance.
Objective
The present study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic potential of 3, 4-dimethoxybenzoic acid or Veratric acid (VA) by in-vitro and in-vivo assays. Additionally, acute toxicity of VA was performed.
METHODOLOGY
The anti-inflammatory activity was assessed by Xylene-induced ear edema, and Carrageenan-induced paw edema models in Wistar rats. The VA was given at doses of 20, 40, and 80 mg/kg, with Piroxicam (10mg/kg) as standard drug. For anti-arthritic action, 0.1 ml of Complete Freund's adjuvant was intradermally inoculated in left posterior paw on first day while treatment with VA at 20, 40, 80, and VA 80 mg/kg + methotrexate and methotrexate (1 mg/kg) as standard drug were given orally on the 8th day for 21 days.
Results
Treatment with VA exhibited a substantial reinstatement of body weight, paw edema, arthritic scores, and oxidative stress in difference to disease control. All treatment groups exhibited notable down-regulation (p < .0001) of IL-6, TNF-α, IL-β, COX-2, and NF-κB and up-regulation of IL-10, 1-κβ, IL-4 in contrast to disease control. The combination group had exhibited noticeable anti-arthritic potential in comparison to individual treatment groups. In acute toxicity study, LD50 of VA was greater than 2000 mg/kg.
Conclusion
It can be inferenced from data that VA can be safely used to treat arthritis especially in combination with MTX but it should be further evaluated in combination for long term use.
Tetrahydropyrimidine-5-carboxylate had significant dose-dependent anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritic, antioxidant and analgesic effects, suggesting that it could be a safe therapy for inflammatory and arthritic diseases.
Marwah Rehman, Ammara Saleem, Muhammad Furqan Akhtar· Pakistan Journal of Pharmace...· 0 citations
Background: Inflammation is a key pathological process underlying arthritis and contributes to progressive damage to the joints, cartilage, and surrounding tissues. Persistent inflammatory responses are associated with infiltration of inflamma-tory cells, pannus formation, cartilage degradation, and bone erosion, ultimately leading to impaired joint function. Chrysin (5,7-dihydroxyflavone) is a naturally occurring flavonoid found in various plants, honey, and propolis. It possesses several pharmacological properties, particularly anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, which may help attenuate inflamma-tory tissue damage. Therefore, the present study was designed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of chrysin in an experimentally induced arthritic rat model using histopathological assessment of joint tissues.Methodology: This study determined the healing effect of Chrysin in a FCA-induced arthritic rat model. Chrysin was inject-ed intraperitoneally on the 8th post-administration day of FCA, and treatment continued for the next three consecutive weeks. GraphPad Prism was used to analyse the results, considering p-values ≤ 0.05 statistically significant. Results: Anti-inflammatory effect of Chrysin upon bones and cartilage was determined by Ankle joint histopathology. Upon histopathology, Chrysin reduced the severity of arthritis in the joint, infiltration of inflammatory cells, subcutaneous in-flammation, cartilage erosion, bone erosion and pannus formation. Piroxicam was used as a reference drug to compare the anti-arthritic effect of Chrysin.Conclusion: Results showed that Chrysin possesses anti-arthritic effects and may be a potential drug for the treatment of arthritis.
Muhammad Asif Faheem, M. Israr, Wardah Siddique et al.· Journal of Fatima Jinnah Med...· 0 citations
In this study, the pharmacological and mechanistic potential of a selected synthetic triazole derivative, 4-(4-Fluorophenyl)-3-(p-tolyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole-5(4H)-thione (TriQ), was evaluated in an acetic acid-induced ulcerative colitis (UC) mice model using an integrated approach involving molecular docking, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, biochemical assays, gene expression analysis, and histopathological evaluation. TriQ was selected based on the pharmacological relevance of triazole scaffolds, particularly those containing fluorophenyl and aryl substitutions, which are associated with enhanced anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties and improved target-binding interactions. In silico analysis revealed strong binding affinities of TriQ toward key inflammatory mediators, including Nuclear Factor kappa B (NF-κB), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), and Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α), stabilized through hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions. MD simulations confirmed the structural stability and consistent conformational behavior of the TriQ-protein complexes over a 100 ns trajectory. In vivo administration of TriQ (5, 10, and 20 mg/kg) significantly alleviated acetic acid-induced colitis, with the highest efficacy observed at 20 mg/kg. Treatment markedly improved disease activity index and restored altered hematological and biochemical parameters, along with normalization of hepatic and renal function markers. TriQ also enhanced endogenous antioxidant defenses, including catalase (CAT), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and reduced glutathione (GSH), while suppressing oxidative stress and inflammatory mediators such as myeloperoxidase (MPO) and nitric oxide (NO). At the molecular level, TriQ significantly downregulated pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α) and upregulated heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression, as confirmed by ELISA and qRT-PCR analyses. Histopathological findings demonstrated marked preservation of colonic architecture, and reduced epithelial injury. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that TriQ exerts potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects primarily through modulation of the NF-κB/HO-1 signaling axis, highlighting its potential as a promising lead candidate for the development of novel anti-ulcerative colitis therapeutics.
Abdul Qadir, S. Khan, Humaira Nadeem et al.· Biochemical and Biophysical...· 0 citations
MAL exhibits potent anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties, particularly at 25 mg/kg, reducing neutrophil-mediated inflammation, and represents a promising candidate for further pharmacological development.
Hanane El Fatimi, H. Khalki, Martin Ndayambaje et al.· Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archiv...· 0 citations
It was evaluated in this study that aripiprazole showed inhibition of protein degradation and stability of human red blood cell membrane in concentration gradient manner, demonstrating maximum activity at concentration of 6400 µg/ml.
Aroosa Akber, Alamgeer, H. Irfan et al.· InflammoPharmacology· 0 citations
Mammary tumor is one of the most common neoplasms in females and remains a major therapeutic challenge due to the high cost and adverse effects of conventional chemotherapy. Therefore, herbal products such as curcumin, baicalein and their combination are used which have anti-inflammatory effects and various other pharmacological effects. The present study evaluated the effects of curcumin and baicalein against mammary tumor induced by 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) in Wistar rats. Thirty-eight virgin female rats were divided into five groups: Group I (SHAM), Group II (DMBA @ 80 mg/kg BW orally single dose), Group III (DMBA @ 80 mg/kg BW orally + curcumin @ 100 mg/kg BW orally), Group IV (DMBA @ 80 mg/kg BW orally + baicalein @10 mg/kg BW i.p.), and Group V (DMBA @80 mg/kg + curcumin @100 mg/kg BW + baicalein @10 mg/kg BW). Curcumin and baicalein treatment demonstrated significant efficacy. Only small palpable growths were observed in treated groups and mild early neoplastic alterations were detected histologically, with the lowest incidence in the combination group. Curcumin and baicalein supplementation significantly ameliorated the DMBA induced changes in the body weight, hematological parameters (Hb, PCV, TEC, TLC, DLC), biochemical parameters (AST, ALT, ALKP, Total protein, glucose, BUN, Creatinine), oxidative stress parameters (NO, LPO, SOD, and Catalase), and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-I, IL-6, TNF-α). Moreover, immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR of epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers (e-cadherin, vimentin, α-smooth muscle actin) confirmed the ameliorative effect of curcumin and baicalein, most pronounced in the combination group. These findings suggest that curcumin and baicalein may exert synergistic beneficial effects, supporting their potential as chemopreventive agents.
Priyanka Syal, N. D. Singh, Geeta Devi Leishangthem et al.· Journal of biochemical and m...· 0 citations
