The study indicates that skin cancer remains an important public health issue worldwide and countries and regions should attach great importance to the prevention and treatment of skin cancers, and develop and improve preventive measures.
Abstract
Skin cancer has emerged as a major global health challenge, with persistent variations in the burden across countries and regions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the global, regional, and national burden of malignant melanoma (MM), squamous cell carcinoma, and basal cell carcinoma from 1990 to 2021, and to analyze their temporal trends and associations with the Socio-demographic Index. We selected data on cancer incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) from 204 countries and regions between 1990 and 2021, using the Global Burden of Disease 2021 study. Temporal trends were quantified by calculating the incidence, mortality, and DALY rates as well as their percentage changes, while also analyzing the association between DALYs and Socio-demographic Index. Globally in 2021, 2.3 million cases of illness, 61.5 thousand deaths, and 1678.8 thousand DALYs were attributed to MM; squamous cell carcinoma caused 2.8 million prevalent cases, 56.9 thousand deaths, and 1210.9 thousand DALYs; and basal cell carcinoma accounted for 2.2 million epidemic cases and 2 thousand DALYs. Epidemic cases, deaths, DALYs counts, and age-standardized point rates are rising, but MM-induced deaths and DALYs rates have declined over the past 3 decades. The burden of skin cancer is higher in Australasia and High-income North America than in other regions. Under the Global Burden of Disease regional classifications, Australasia comprises Australia, New Zealand, and surrounding territories, while High-income North America encompasses the United States and Canada. At the national level, the burden is higher in Australia, New Zealand, and the United States; the burden is generally higher in men than in women, and is higher in older adults than in young people. Our study indicates that skin cancer remains an important public health issue worldwide. High-income regions such as Australasia and North America will continue to bear the greatest burden. Simultaneously, the burden on East Asia, Latin America, and Africa is rapidly increasing. This study also showed that the disease burden was greater in men and older adults. Therefore, countries and regions should attach great importance to the prevention and treatment of skin cancers, and develop and improve preventive measures.
OBJECTIVE
Nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC), mainly comprising basal and squamous cell carcinomas, is among the most common cancers worldwide. Despite its low mortality, the rising incidence imposes substantial health and economic burdens. This study assessed the global NMSC burden (1990-2021), examined sex-specific regional patterns, and projected trends to 2036 to inform equitable public health strategies.
METHODS
Data on NMSC from 1990 to 2021 were retrieved from the 2021 Global Burden of Disease Study across 204 countries. Key indicators included incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), stratified by sex, age, region, and Sociodemographic Index (SDI). Temporal trends were evaluated using age-standardized rates, and the future burden (2022-2036) was projected using autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models.
RESULTS
Globally, NMSC cases rose 2.8-fold from 1990 to 2021, reaching 6.3 million in 2021. Men accounted for 58% of cases and 59% of DALYs, with higher incidence, mortality, and DALY rates than women, especially in those 70 years or older, and the sex gap widened over time in high-SDI regions. In adults aged 15 to 49, incidence was occasionally higher in women. Regionally, high-income North America showed the highest incidence, whereas East Asia had the greatest deaths and DALYs. By 2036, global incidence is projected to nearly double, with a steeper increase in men.
CONCLUSIONS
The global burden of NMSC is rising, and men consistently experience higher incidence, mortality, and DALY rates than women. The expanding sex gap, especially among older adults and in high-SDI regions, highlights the urgent need for targeted and sex-specific prevention, early detection, and public health interventions.
Wenqiang Zhang, Kexin Zhang, C. Kan et al.· Advances in Skin & Wound Car...· 0 citations
Background Childhood kidney cancer (KC), the third most prevalent pediatric solid malignancy, remains incompletely characterized in terms of epidemiological patterns and health inequities. This study aimed to analyze global trends, inequalities, and future burden of childhood KC from 1990 to 2021. Methods Data on incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) of KC among children aged 0–14 years were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease study 2021. Data from 1990 to 2021 were comprehensively analyzed by sex, location, age, and socio-demographic index (SDI), incorporating estimated annual percentage change, joinpoint regression, slope index of inequality and concentration index for inequality assessment, and Bayesian age-period-cohort forecasting. Results In 2021, there were 9,576 incident cases, 3,063 deaths, and 268,049 DALYs globally due to childhood KC, with corresponding age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR), mortality rate (ASMR), and disability-adjusted life years rate (ASDR) of 0.48, 0.15, and 13.32, respectively. From 1990 to 2021, the global burden of childhood KC declined overall. Joinpoint regression identified a steeper decline in the most recent period, with the ASIR decreasing by 4.87% per year from 2018 to 2021 and the ASMR and ASDR decreasing by 5.12% and 5.23% per year, respectively, from 2019 to 2021. The decline in disease burden has been more pronounced in females than in males. The burden of childhood KC was mainly concentrated among children aged 0–4 years, whose age-specific incidence, mortality, and DALY rates were generally higher than those among children aged 5–9 years and 10–14 years. While no significant association was observed between SDI and ASIR, SDI exhibited a negative correlation with ASMR and ASDR. Inequality metrics showed that childhood KC mortality and DALYs were disproportionately concentrated in lower-SDI countries, and these disparities widened over time. Projections indicate continued declines in incidence and mortality for both sexes over the next 15 years. Conclusions Over the past three decades, the burden of childhood KC significantly reduced, yet the rising incidence in lower-income regions warrants attention. Health inequities, characterized by a disproportionate concentration of the disease burden in low-SDI countries, have intensified. Enhanced understanding of pediatric KC epidemiology may aid in its prevention and management.
Kai Liu, Changlin Yang, Feng-xia Chen et al.· Frontiers in Pediatrics· 0 citations
Background Pancreatic cancer (PC) poses a significant public health challenge in China because of high mortality and increasing incidence, necessitating an analysis of its burden from 1990 to 2023 to inform future prevention. Methods Using data from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2023, we estimated absolute numbers, age-standardized rates (ASRs), and age-stratified crude rates. Joinpoint regression was employed to calculate average annual percentage changes (AAPCs). We quantified the burden attributable to specific risk factors and conducted a segmented analysis to compare trends between the pre-pandemic and pandemic periods. All estimates are presented with 95% uncertainty interval (UI). Results In 2023, China was estimated to have 118,381 incident PC cases (95% UI 103,773-135,339), 114,949 deaths (95% UI 101,214-131,619), 102,845 prevalent cases (95% UI 89,758-117,757), and 2,765,626 DALYs (95% UI 2,455,494-3,137,032). The age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR), age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR), and age-standardized disability-adjusted life year rate (ASDR) remained stable. The age-standardized prevalence rate (ASPR) increased slightly (AAPC 0.38%, 95% CI 0.06 to 0.70). The burden was consistently higher in males than in females. Age-specific analysis highlighted rising incidence rates in both 15–49 years and ≥75 years age groups. In 2023, high fasting plasma glucose (HFPG) accounted for a higher attributable burden than smoking. Pandemic-era sensitivity analysis suggested a possible change in the direction of ASIR and ASMR trends after 2019, but the observed post-2019 increases were not statistically significant and require further validation. Conclusion The increasing absolute burden was mainly associated with population aging, while risk-attributable analysis suggested a growing contribution of metabolic factors. Prevention strategies should integrate metabolic management to tackle the dual challenges of an aging society and emerging risks in younger people.
Ziyue Wang, Shuai Wang, Guomu Liu et al.· Frontiers in Endocrinology· 0 citations
PURPOSE
Male breast cancer (MBC) is underrepresented in cancer statistics: this study aimed to assess the burden of MBC in Central, Eastern, and Western Europe from 1990 to 2023, using data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2023.
METHODS
Estimates from GBD 2023 were analyzed to determine the MBC incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years, their all-ages and age-standardized rates, and the 1990 through 2023 annual percent change. These estimates were compared to those for the GBD Super Regions and the Socio-Demographic Index quintile countries.
RESULTS
In Central Europe, age-standardized incidence rates (ASIR) increased from 0.54 (0.40-0.76) to 1.05 (0.70-1.52), age-standardized mortality rates (ASMR) from 0.29 (0.25-0.34) to 0.40 (0.36-0.45), and age-standardized disability life-year rates (ASDR) from 7.19 (6.15-8.41) to 9.63 (8.52-11.07). In Eastern Europe, ASIR remained relatively stable, changing from 0.81 (0.56-1.19) to 0.60 (0.38-0.92), whereas ASMR decreased from 0.40 (0.33-0.49) to 0.21 (0.16-0.25) and ASDR from 10.54 (8.69-12.89) to 5.55 (4.52-6.85). In Western Europe, ASIR increased from 0.47 (0.33-0.67) to 0.88 (0.59-1.24), whereas ASMR (0.22 [0.19-0.25] vs. 0.24 [0.21-0.27]) and ASDR (5.20 [4.49-5.97] vs. 5.75 [4.96-6.66]) remained stable.
CONCLUSIONS
The burden of MBC is increasing across Europe, particularly in the Central region, with huge regional differences. Population growth and variations over time impacted on the metrics. Even with a composite European scenario, the mortality-to-incidence ratio markedly declined in the three areas.
Roberto Passera, E. Fabbro, Giulia Zamagni· Cancer· 0 citations
BACKGROUND
Despite global elimination initiatives, cervical cancer remains a major public health burden across Asia. We aimed to assess regional and age-specific trends in cervical cancer burden using data from the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) 2023.
METHODS
We analyzed GBD 2023 to estimate the burden of cervical cancer across 34 Asian countries from 1990 to 2023. Age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR), mortality rate (ASMR), and DALY rate (ASDR) were assessed by region and Socio-demographic Index (SDI), while age-specific rates were evaluated for females aged 15-49, 50-69, and ≥70 years. Cervical cancer was defined as malignant neoplasm of the cervix, and burden attributable to unsafe sex and tobacco use was estimated using population-attributable fractions derived from exposure data and relative risks. Estimates are presented as means with 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs).
RESULTS
In 2023, South Asia exhibited the highest cervical cancer burden, with an ASIR of 22.07 (95% UI, 14.68-33.20) per 100,000 population, whereas High-income Asia Pacific had the lowest ASIR at 11.89 (9.94-14.37). A similar pattern was observed for ASDR: South Asia had the highest rate at 377.19 (95% UI, 255.79-558.38) per 100,000 population, while High-income Asia Pacific exhibited the lowest rate at 96.04 (84.08-109.75). From 1990 to 2023, ASIR and ASDR generally declined across Asia, although substantial regional disparities persisted. Across all five regions, the relative contribution of females aged 15-49 years to cervical cancer burden increased, while that of older age groups generally decreased; however, the absolute incidence rates among females aged 15-49 years increased only in Southeast Asia and High-income Asia Pacific. Cervical cancer burden attributable to unsafe sex showed the highest DALY rate among females aged 50-69 years and the highest mortality rate among those aged 70 years or older. Overall, cervical cancer burden exhibited an inverse association with SDI.
CONCLUSION
Cervical cancer remains a substantial burden in low-SDI Asian countries, with an increasing relative contribution among females aged 15-49 years. Age-specific and context-specific prevention strategies are urgently needed to reduce inequalities and accelerate elimination efforts in Asia.
Seohyun Shin, Dongjin Yeo, Hyunjee Kim et al.· European Journal of Obstetri...· 0 citations
Background Oesophageal cancer (OC) remains a major global public health challenge. This study aims to analyse the global, regional, and national burden of OC from 1990 to 2023 using the latest data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2023. Methods Data on EC prevalence, incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) were extracted from GBD 2023. Age-standardised rates (ASRs) were calculated, and temporal trends were assessed using estimated annual percentage changes (EAPCs). Stratified analyses were conducted according to the sociodemographic index (SDI) and risk factor contributions. The disease burden was projected to 2040. Results In 2023, there were an estimated 1 075 606 prevalent cases of OC globally, with an ASPR of 11.7 per 100 000 population. Although age-standardised rates declined, the absolute number of cases increased by 67% from 1990 to 2023. The disease burden varied substantially across SDI regions and geographical areas, with sub-Saharan Africa and East Asia bearing the heaviest burden. Tobacco use was the leading risk factor contributing to DALYs. The global ASPR is projected to rise to 18.8 per 100 000 by 2040. Conclusions Despite decreases in age-standardised rates, the absolute burden of OC remains high, with significant variations across regions, countries, and SDI levels. Efforts should be taken in prevention and early diagnosis for OC and to better identify high-risk populations to inform targeted prevention and screening, and ultimately reduce the OC burden in an efficient and cost-effective way.
Huajie Xing, Qianjie Xu, Mengyu Hu et al.· Journal of Global Health· 0 citations
