Residue Levels and Health Risk Assessment of Selected Pesticides in Fruits Marketed in Dhaka, Bangladesh
Abstract
The presence of pesticide contamination in fruits is a substantial concern in the context of food safety and public health. Although pesticides play a crucial role in agricultural techniques for controlling pests and protecting crops, they might potentially endanger consumers' health if they are present in fruit at high levels. Assessing pesticide concentrations, such as carbofuran, fipronil and pretilachlor in different fruit samples, offers a valuable understanding of the intricate nature of pesticide residues and their potential effects on human well-being. A total of 15 distinct varieties of fruit samples were collected from several local fruit markets in Dhaka and the samples were analysed using HPLC for three pesticide residues. The results showed that carbofuran residues were found in 73.3% of the 15 tested samples, specifically in 11 (Apple, Orange, Grape and Sweet Orange (Malta) samples). Additionally, pretilachlor residues were detected in 16.66% of the samples, with two samples (orange and black grape) exceeding the Codex alimentarius maximum residue limits. Most samples contained detectable pesticide residues; however, exceedance of regulatory limits varied by fruit type. The Estimated Average Daily Intakes (EADIs) exceeded the WHO/FAO acceptable daily intake limits for specific fruits, particularly oranges (2.50 mg/kg) and sweet oranges (Malta 2.33 mg/kg). Hazard index (HI) values greater than one were observed for selected fruits, indicating potential health risks, whereas other fruits remained within acceptable safety limits. To effectively address pesticide contamination, it is essential to have strict regulatory oversight and actively promote the adoption of sustainable farming practices. Ensuring food safety and protecting public health relies on collaborative actions throughout the agricultural supply chain. Hence, educating food producers in Bangladesh regarding the proper management and potential pesticide risks is imperative. Understanding the magnitude of pesticide pollution and its compliance with regulatory standards is crucial for ensuring the safety and reliability of the food supply chain. Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 29(2): 235-245, 2026 (July)