Tumor Suppressive Role of Hsa-miR-328-3p in Colon Cancer by Regulating EN2

Abstract

Abstract Background/Aim: Colon cancer is a prevalent and life-threatening malignancy worldwide. Recent studies have focused on how microRNAs (miRNAs) act as post-transcriptional modulators in colon cancer progression. Herein, this study aimed to identify the impact of miRNAs that are decreased in colon cancer and to investigate their regulatory mechanisms. Materials and Methods: Differentially expressed miRNAs (DEmiRNAs) and genes (DEGs) were identified through analysis of miRNA sequencing and RNA sequencing data from normal and tumor tissues in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Expression levels were validated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) in both tissues and cell lines. Functional effects of miRNAs were evaluated by assessing cell viability, proliferation, migration, and invasion following transfection with miRNA mimics. Results: Analysis of miRNA-seq data from the TCGA database identified hsa-miR-328-3p as a miRNA consistently downregulated across all stages of colon cancer. This downregulation was independently validated in colon cancer patient tissues by qPCR. Functional assays demonstrated that enforced expression of hsa-miR-328-3p significantly reduced cell viability, proliferation, migration, and invasion in colon cancer cell lines, supporting its tumor-suppressive role. To elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying these inhibitory effects, target gene analysis was performed. Engrailed homeobox 2 (EN2) was identified as a potential target of hsa-miR-328-3p, and a dual-luciferase assay confirmed that EN2 is directly regulated by hsa-miR-328-3p. Conclusion: Collectively, these findings indicate that hsa-miR-328-3p is frequently downregulated in colon cancer and functions as a tumor suppressor by negatively regulating its target gene, EN2, thereby contributing to colon cancer malignancy. EN2 may serve as a potential diagnostic biomarker for colon cancer, while restoration of hsa-miR-328-3p expression represents a promising therapeutic strategy. Further studies are needed to clarify the precise molecular mechanisms linking the hsa-miR-328-3p/EN2 axis to colon cancer progression.