In Silico Characterisation and Gene Expression of Two Putative Effectors From ‘ Candidatus Phytoplasma Palmae’ Associated With Coconut Lethal Yellowing
TL;DR
In this study, an in silico identification of two effectors of ‘ Candidatus Phytoplasma palmae’ associated with CLY in the Americas was conducted, and these proteins were classified as classical effectors, characterised by small size, signal peptide, nuclear localisation signal and absence of a transmembrane domain.
Abstract
Phytoplasmas significantly reduce crop yields across different plant species, as exemplified by coconut lethal yellowing disease (CLY), which affects coconut palms in the American continent. These pathogens encode in the genome the ability to produce effectors that target important proteins in the plant host, inducing morphology alterations, plant sterility and attractiveness to insect vectors. This attractiveness is crucial for the transmission and spread of phytoplasmas to other plant species. Understanding how these effectors function is essential for comprehending the mechanisms of action of phytoplasmas. However, only a few effectors coding genes have been identified in phytoplasmas, and no effector responsible for CLY has been reported. In this study, an in silico identification of two effectors of ‘ Candidatus Phytoplasma palmae’ associated with CLY in the Americas was conducted. The predicted effectors encoded two proteins of 124 aa (secretory protein 7) and 128 aa (secretory protein 10) with 73% identity between them. These proteins were classified as classical effectors, characterised by small size, signal peptide, nuclear localisation signal and absence of a transmembrane domain. Furthermore, gene expression of SP10 was detected in samples from leaves and stems of infected palms.