EPISTEMOLOGY OF THE HUSTLE: FORMULATION AND FOUNDATION OF A THEORETICAL-POLITICAL AND EPISTEMOLOGICAL CATEGORY

Conatus - Journal of Philosophy

Conatus - Journal of Philosophy

Post-Esotericism: Metaphysics, Epistemology, and Phenomenology of Contemporary Russian Web-Mysticism

The aim of this study is to establish and analyze the qualitative characteristics of Russian-speaking mystical-esoteric online discourse in its metaphysical, epistemological, and phenomenological aspects. The research employs a methodological composite consisting of content analysis, discourse analysis, conceptual engineering, and imagological analysis. The research material comprises a corpus of mystical texts, including contemporary examples of online esoteric discourse as well as computer games. As a result, a number of key stable characteristics can be identified, which include: epistemological democratization and decentralization; the psychologization of esoteric knowledge; memeticity and multiple withdrawal as fundamental ontological characteristics; the primacy of aesthetics; horrorization; retromania; and the absence of ethical neutrality. This study provides a foundation for further development of the analyzed issues within the framework of object-oriented cultural analytics, employing an ontographic approach, while highlighting the existing conceptual intersections within the subject and object of study.

Perbandingan Epistemologi Al-Farabi dan Immanuel Kant Tentang Rasionalitas

Rationality is a central theme uniting Islamic and Western philosophical traditions, although the two proceed from different metaphysical frameworks. This paper aims to comparatively examine the epistemology of Al-Farabi (d. 950 CE), known as the "Second Teacher" after Aristotle, and Immanuel Kant (1724–1804), the founder of critical philosophy, regarding the source and limits of human rationality. A qualitative-descriptive library research method with a philosophical comparative approach was used, drawing on primary translated texts and recent scholarship (Abbaszadeh, 2017; Masykur, 2025; P. Müürsepp et al., 2024). The findings show that Al-Farabi views rationality as a graded faculty of the soul that reaches perfection through emanation from the Active Intellect, situating reason within a hierarchical, metaphysically optimistic cosmos in which philosophy and religion converge on the same truth (Suleimenov, 2019; Zeraoui & Gonzalez Uresti, 2021). Kant, conversely, views rationality as the subject's own structuring activity, organizing experience through a priori forms and categories while critically confining theoretical reason to the realm of phenomena, leaving the noumenal realm beyond its reach (Anderson, 2022; Katrechko, 2023). Both place reason as the primary source of certainty not derived solely from sense experience, yet differ fundamentally in their metaphysical orientation: Al-Farabi's emanative-cosmic model versus Kant's critical-transcendental model. This comparison is expected to enrich contemporary Islamic epistemological discourse in dialogue with modern Western philosophy.

Epistemology And Axiology Of Patience

This research stems from the spiritual crisis in modern society and the understanding of the concept of patience, which is often interpreted as a passive acceptance of circumstances. The main objective of this research is to analyze the epistemological and axiological construction of patience in Imam Al-Ghazali's Ihya Ulumuddin, and to formulate the contribution of this philosophical framework to the development of the methodology of ulumul tafsir. The research method used was qualitative, specifically a literature review (library research), employing a hermeneutic-philosophical approach. Data analysis was carried out by dissecting primary texts using the integrative framework of Bayani (textual authority), Burhani (ratio), and Irfani (intuition). The results of the study indicate that Al-Ghazali's epistemology of patience is an integrative scientific construct that combines textual, rational, and intuitive dimensions simultaneously. Knowledge of patience is rooted in deep ma'rifah, which then manifests as the active power of bā'its ad-din (religious driving force) to control bā'its asy-syahwah (lustful driving force). Axiologically, the value of patience transforms from mere physical endurance to inner control, which gives rise to the virtue of 'iffah and social maturity, which serve as spiritual pillars. In conclusion, these findings make an important methodological contribution to the science of exegesis (ulumul tafsir), as they enable a more holistic, integrative, and transformative interpretation of verses on patience to address the challenges faced by contemporary society. The implications of this research suggest the need for the practical implementation of this integrative framework in character education models or psychological counseling grounded in Islamic spirituality.    

Pierre Bourdieu and Epistemic Struggle

This Paper Analyzes The Epistemological Construction Of Pierre Bourdieu’s Sociology Through His Critical Dialogues With The Existentialism Of Jean-Paul Sartre And The Structuralism Of Claude Lévi-Strauss. It Is Acknowledged That Both Theoretical Currents Exerted Significant Influence On Bourdieu’s Thought, While Simultaneously Presenting Analytical Limitations For The Understanding Of Social Action. Existentialist Subjectivism, By Emphasizing The Agent’s Freedom And Consciousness, Tends To Disregard The Social And Historical Determinations Of Practices. Structuralism, In Turn, By Privileging Objective Structures, Reduces Agents To Mere Supports Or Carriers Of Structures, Neglecting Their Historicity And Practical Capacity. In Response To This Impasse, Bourdieu Proposes A Dialectical Overcoming Of The Opposition Between Objectivism And Subjectivism Through A Relational Approach That Articulates Both Moments Without Annulling Either. This Proposal Materializes In The Concepts Of Habitus And Field, Which Are Central To His Theory Of Practice. Habitus Refers To A System Of Socially Incorporated, Historically Constituted Dispositions That Orient Agents’ Perceptions, Actions, And Classifications. The Field, In Turn, Designates Social Spaces Structured By Relations Of Force, Within Which Agents Occupy Unequal Positions According To The Differentiated Distribution Of Forms Of Capital. Bourdieu’s Sociology Is Also Grounded In The Notion Of Epistemological Vigilance, Which Requires The Researcher To Adopt A Reflexive Stance Capable Of Breaking With Preconceptions, Immediate Evidence, And Value Judgments, Without Neglecting Empirical Materiality. By Criticizing Both Naive Empiricism And Theory Detached From Research, Bourdieu Defends The Inseparability Of Theory And Empiricism. Thus, His Work Offers An Open, Relational Analytical Model Aimed At Unveiling The Mechanisms Of Domination, Social Reproduction, And Symbolic Struggles That Structure The Social World.