Aug 2026· Tehnički Vjesnik· Vol 33· 0 citations· 29 references
TL;DR
The potential of the EMAO-MTRUST protocol to secure VANETs against malicious activities while maintaining high-quality performance is highlighted, making it a promising solution for the challenges in ITS applications.
Abstract
: Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs) play a vital role in Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS), a key application of Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS). However, the functionality of these networks can be compromised by environmental challenges and malicious attacks, such as black hole and flooding attacks, which degrade network performance. To address these challenges, this paper introduces the Emergency Module with Ant Colony Optimization-based Multi-hop Trusted Routing Protocol (EMAO-MTRUST) for VANETs. The proposed protocol enhances network security and efficiency by integrating trust-based mechanisms and intelligent routing strategies. EMAO-MTRUST employs direct and indirect trust models to identify and isolate malicious nodes, ensuring reliable packet transmission. Trust computations are used to select a border node with the highest trust value for forwarding data packets. An Emergency Module is incorporated to handle critical situations, leveraging a hybrid approach that combines Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) and Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA) models. The Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) algorithm is utilized to determine the most efficient routing path between nodes, optimizing the network's performance. The protocol ꞌ s effectiveness is evaluated through simulations, comparing it to existing methods in the presence of black hole and flooding attacks. Key performance metrics, including packet delivery ratio, end-to-end latency, network throughput, and energy efficiency, are assessed. Results demonstrate that EMAO-MTRUST significantly outperforms existing approaches, delivering higher packet delivery ratios, reduced latency, improved throughput, and enhanced energy efficiency. This study highlights the potential of the EMAO-MTRUST protocol to secure VANETs against malicious activities while maintaining high-quality performance, making it a promising solution for the challenges in ITS applications.
The high mobility and decentralized nature of Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) present significant security challenges. Specifically, detecting attacks and establishing secure, reliable routing protocols are major critical concerns in the vehicular environment. These attacks can significantly degrade network performance and hinder communication between vehicles. Insider attacks, such as Blackhole attacks, have the potential to severely disrupt VANET systems. This study introduces a novel trust management scheme that incorporates cryptographic techniques to address the important issues of secure routing in VANETs, which also helps in the detection of attacks. In this work, nodes' trust scores are evaluated, and the forwarding node for packet dissemination is chosen based on these scores. Furthermore, an elliptic curve cryptographic (ECC) signcryption technique is added for providing security to the network by authenticating the nodes, which mitigates the misbehaving nodes from the network. The simulation and comparative analysis show the efficacy of the proposed scheme. The proposed approach attained a packet delivery ratio (PDR) of 92.8%, indicating high reliability in data dissemination. Furthermore, the achieved results of throughput and End‐to‐End (E2E) delay are 232.32 KBps and 0.02 s, respectively. The obtained outcomes show enhancements of 94.182%, 49.67%, and 6% in PDR, throughput, and E2E delay, respectively, with respect to the existing techniques.
Nidhi Jaswani, Mou Dasgupta, Sangram Ray et al.· Security and Privacy· 0 citations
Mobile wireless sensor networks application requires secure and efficient communication that is possible only through the operation of Mobile Wireless Sensor Networks (MWSNs). MWSNs possess certain special problems due to the fact that it is mobile, energy-constrained, dynamical topological and vulnerable to security problems. The existing routing systems like cluster and ad hoc routing systems are typified by high energy consumption, unsuitability to address misbehavior by nodes, inability to engage in trust-based routing and inefficient protection against malicious attacks that renders networks inefficient and less reliable. In order to address these deficiencies, this paper proposes a security aware and energy efficient routing scheme as a combination of Path Optimization Mechanism in MWSN (POM-MWSN) and the Security Trust-aware Adaptive Routing with Cross Layer (STARC) model. POM-MWSN takes into account the node connectivity, energy and mobility and constructs the optimization route where STARC takes into account the trust assessment, cross layer routing and selection of hybrid cluster head to attain the secure and reliable communication. The proposed solution will be a special hybrid of energy-aware way optimization and faith-based routing and attack detection, which will render the network working strong and effective. Numerous simulations demonstrate that the given framework outcompetes the existing ones and achieves end-to-end delay of 0.005 ms, higher throughput of 80,000–84,000 bytes, packet delivery ratio of 237 packets, residual energy of 99.7 J, and overhead 12,450 packets and cost of communication 2985 bits. The results validate the utility of the proposed approach in the provision of trust-based, energy-efficient, and secure routing in the dynamic MWSNs.
Ms.D. Swapna, Dr.M.Nagaratna· Journal of Intelligent Decis...· 0 citations
These findings verify that MANET transmission is demonstrably enhanced and safer when trust, congestion, and QoS are all addressed concurrently at a particular transit level as opposed to individual-criterion techniques.
Sonia Singhal, A. Kush· JOURNAL OF MECHANICS OF CONT...· 0 citations
Vehicle Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) face critical challenges in trust management, privacy preservation, and scalability, particularly with the integration of 5G networks in Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). Traditional centralized trust models present single points of failure and privacy concerns that compromise network security and user anonymity. This paper presents a novel decentralized trust model leveraging blockchain technology, Interplanetary File System (IPFS) integration, and post-quantum cryptographic algorithms to address these limitations. Our proposed TrustChain-VANET framework implements advanced privacy-preserving encryption techniques including threshold and homomorphic encryption, geographical sharding for scalability, and edge-assisted consensus mechanisms. Performance evaluation demonstrates significant improvements: 40% reduction in authentication latency (90–120 ms vs. 150–300 ms), 90% malicious node detection rate (+15% improvement), 300% increase in transaction throughput (2000–2150 TPS), and 100% scalability enhancement supporting up to 5000 nodes. The system integrates seamlessly with 5G network slicing (URLLC, eMBB, mMTC) while maintaining quantum resistance through CRYSTALS-Dilithium, KYBER, and FALCON algorithms. Real-world deployment considerations including OBU computational constraints, standardization gaps, and energy efficiency are comprehensively analyzed. Results indicate that the proposed decentralized approach provides robust security, enhanced privacy, and improved scalability for next-generation vehicular networks, making it suitable for large-scale ITS deployment. The main contribution of this work is the development of a unified TrustChain-VA 48NET framework. The proposed framework integrates blockchain-based trust management, IPFS-assisted storage, 5G network slicing, Mobile Edge Computing (MEC), geographical sharding, and post-quantum cryptographic mechanisms within a single architecture for next-generation VANET environments. While these technologies have been investigated separately in previous studies, this work presents a consolidated framework that analyzes their interoperability, identifies integration challenges, and evaluates their combined impact on trust management, scalability, privacy preservation, and deployment feasibility in Intelligent Transportation Systems.
Rafe Alasem, Rasha Hasan, M. Mansour· World Electric Vehicle Journ...· 0 citations
Trust-based security framework for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) to construct trustworthy as well as secure message dissemination in highly dynamic vehicular environments. The VANET scenario consisting of vehicles, roadside units (RSUs), and mobility patterns, where safety and event-driven messages are generated with sender identification and timestamps to preserve authenticity. Message dissemination is achieved through multi-hop communication using Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) and Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) protocols, supporting efficient routing under frequent topology changes. Node reliability is assessed by collecting trust evidence from multiple dimensions, including direct trust from direct interactions, indirect trust from neighboring recommendations, and path trust based on routing behavior. These evidences are fused using Dempster–Shafer (DS) theory to handle uncertainty and conflicting information, producing hierarchical trust levels. Additionally, a path backtracking mechanism verifies hop integrity, evaluates path similarity, and traces malicious behavior. The framework effectively detects proposed MDT-EF+PBM achieves higher accuracy of 99%, MEFPB with precision of 100%, recall of 90%, F-measure of 95%, packet delivery ratio of 0.99, packet drop ratio of 0.03,delay of 55, throughput of 8, thereby ensuring secure and trustworthy VANET communications.
S. Bose, S. Pradeepa, R. T. Kumar et al.· International Conference on...· 0 citations
The 5G-enabled Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) use the increased capabilities of 5G technology to represent the next version of conventional WSN environments. WSN performance may be affected by interference from high-density 5 G networks. The novel Hummingbird-based Graph Bernoulli Binomial Trust Management Network (HBbGBBTMN) proposed in this research is to enhance smart, secure, and energy-saving routing in 5G-enabled wireless networks. Python is initially used to simulate and model the network under consideration, accounting for fluctuating network conditions and dynamic node dynamics. An improved Hummingbird algorithm is used to detect and remove nodes with high energy consumption, thereby minimizing routing inefficiencies and avoiding suspicious behavior. To protect data integrity and prevent route disruption, malicious nodes are continuously detected and removed. The trust of the remaining nodes is calculated using the Bernoulli-Binomial distribution, which estimates each node's trust based on its previous packet-forwarding history. Such trust mechanisms are combined with node energy levels as well as network dynamics to form a fitness function that identifies optimal routing patterns. The suggested system is validated through extensive performance analysis, including measurements of packet delivery ratio, throughput, packet drop rate, delay, and malicious node prediction accuracy. The findings indicate that in decentralized wireless environments, HBbGBBTMN significantly enhances network efficiency, security, and dependability.
S. M., Mrinal Sarvagya· International Journal of Inf...· 0 citations