NOVEL OXINDOLE DERIVATIVES: SYNTHESIS, KINETIC STUDIES, AND Α-GLUCOSIDASE INHIBITORY POTENTIAL

Abstract

The continuous rise in the global prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus has intensified the search for effective α-glucosidase inhibitors capable of controlling postprandial hyperglycemia with improved therapeutic efficacy and reduced adverse effects. Oxindole represents a privileged heterocyclic scaffold exhibiting remarkable structural diversity and broad pharmacological potential, making it an attractive candidate for antidiabetic drug discovery. This study focuses on the rational synthesis of novel oxindole derivatives, comprehensive structural characterization, evaluation of reaction kinetics, and investigation of their α-glucosidase inhibitory activities. The synthesized compounds were characterized using FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and HRMS techniques to confirm their molecular structures. Enzyme inhibition assays were conducted to determine inhibitory potency, while kinetic analyses were performed to elucidate the inhibition mechanism and enzyme–ligand interactions. The influence of structural modifications on biological activity was examined through structure–activity relationship analysis, highlighting the contribution of different substituents toward enhanced enzyme inhibition. The integrated synthetic, kinetic, and biological findings demonstrate the potential of oxindole derivatives as promising lead molecules for developing next-generation antidiabetic agents with improved efficacy and molecular selectivity.