Elemental Characterization and Source Apportionment of Particulate Matter in Campania (Italy) During a Summer Period Using PIXE
Abstract
Atmospheric PM10 was investigated across Campania, southern Italy, during August 2024 to assess its elemental composition and probable sources. In total, 132 daily samples were collected at six ARPAC sites representing harbor, traffic, industrial, school, and regional-background conditions. PM10 concentrations ranged from 2 to 72 µg m−3, with the highest and lowest values recorded at the traffic and background sites, respectively. Elemental composition was determined by particle-induced X-ray emission and complemented by SEM–EDS. Elemental-based Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) resolved six profiles, tentatively assigned to S-rich secondary aerosol, Cl-rich marine aerosol, mixed combustion/industrial emissions, Cu-rich traffic emissions, Ca–Sr-rich road dust, and Pb–Zn-rich waste combustion. At the industrial site, the three anthropogenic profiles together represented 74% of the apportioned mass. Traffic-related, marine, and S-rich secondary aerosol represented 49%, 65%, and 30% at the traffic, harbor, and background sites, respectively. SEM–EDS identified representative irregular S–K-rich and Ca-rich particles, crystalline Na–Cl-rich particles, and fine spherical metal-rich particles. Conditional probability function and trajectory analyses indicated local and regional influences, including a possible secondary sulfate contribution from the Mount Etna region. As the PMF analysis relied exclusively on elemental data, these source assignments should be regarded as indicative rather than definitive.