When and Where to Trust the Teacher: Unifying On-Policy Distillation and GRPO through Entropy-Calibrated Credit Assignment

Abstract

Reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) supervises mathematical reasoning through final-answer correctness, but provides little guidance on individual tokens. On-policy distillation (OPD) supplies dense feedback on student-generated responses, yet teacher preference need not reflect correctness. Recent hybrids combine OPD and verifier-derived advantages or reweight task credit using teacher ratios. However, teacher guidance enters after verifier-based group normalization, and token reweighting need not preserve the total task credit assigned to each response. We introduce Unified Entropy-Calibrated Credit Redistribution for GRPO (UECR-GRPO), which integrates verifier and teacher signals within a single GRPO-style update at both the response and token levels. \emph{Path-Utility Unification} (PUU) combines verifier reward and a teacher-to-anchor path log-ratio in a single KL-regularized objective. Its on-policy implementation uses a length-normalized teacher score and combines both rewards before group normalization and PPO clipping, allowing teacher evidence to influence the response ranking. \emph{Entropy-Calibrated Redistribution} (ECR) then uses the signed teacher--old-policy token gap to redistribute the verifier-derived component. Full-vocabulary teacher entropy attenuates uncertain guidance, while a response-wise zero-sum projection preserves the total task credit and its token-wise sign before clipping. Across five mathematical reasoning benchmarks, UECR-GRPO achieves average \(\mathrm{Avg@12}\) accuracies of 17.21\% and 65.09\% with Qwen3-1.7B and Qwen3-4B students, respectively, exceeding the strongest baseline at each scale by 0.89 and 0.56 percentage points.