Free Androgen Index and Steroid Hormones Profile during Reproductive Season of Two Breeds of Camels with Ovarian Abnormalities

Abstract

Background: This study investigated the free androgen index (FAI) and steroid hormone profiles in two breeds of dromedary camels (Wadhha and Magaheem) with ovarian abnormalities during the reproductive season to assess hormonal disruptions linked to reproductive disorders. Methods: A total of 129 female camels with ovarian abnormalities were categorized by breed (Wadhha and Magaheem) and reproductive season (early: Nov-Dec 2021; late: Jan-May 2022). Each group was further divided into nine subgroups based on ovarian pathology. Each group was divided into nine subgroups according to the types of ovarian abnormalities. The total testosterone (TT), sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), estrone (E1) and 17β-estradiol (E2) measurements were done using ELISA kits and FAI was calculated. Result: Inactive ovaries exhibited the highest TT levels in both breeds, with significant elevations also observed in camels with organized follicles (P less than 0.001). Hydrobursitis was associated with markedly increased E1, while inactive ovaries showed the lowest levels (P less than 0.001). Inactive ovaries had severely suppressed E2 in both breeds (P less than 0.001), with reductions also noted in hemorrhagic and organized follicles. Magaheem camels with multiple small follicles displayed the highest SHBG levels (P less than 0.001). Elevated free androgen index (FAI) was observed in camels with inactive ovaries and hydrobursitis (P less than 0.001), indicating hyperandrogenism. Ovarian abnormalities, particularly inactivity and organized follicles, disrupt steroidogenesis, elevating TT and FAI while reducing E2. Breed-specific and seasonal variations highlight the need for tailored reproductive management. The FAI emerges as a potential biomarker for ovarian dysfunction in camels.