The Fellowship of the Query: Learning Retrieval Actions

Abstract

Retrieval-augmented question answering requires control decisions about when to decompose a question, search, reformulate, extract evidence, synthesize facts, verify progress, and stop. We study whether trajectory fine-tuning can improve small language models (SLMs) as next-action controllers. We additionally evaluate a low-resource setting in which a single SLM serves as both the controller and the final-answer generator. From accepted teacher search traces, we build a seven-way action-prediction task, where the model predicts the next structured teacher action from the current trajectory state, and evaluate LoRA-supervised fine-tuning across SLMs and xSLMs as controllers. On 1,646 held-out action examples, Granite 4.1 3B trained on 13,194 actions reaches macro-F1 0.6536, compared with 0.1736 for zero-shot prompting of the same model and 0.5399 for a TF-IDF logistic-regression baseline. In an end-to-end controller/generator swap evaluation over 149 held-out trajectories, using the fine-tuned model for both roles improves Exact Match from 0.7530 to 0.7946 and token F1 from 0.7783 to 0.8295 compared with using the base model as both controller and generator. The cross-role conditions show that the fine-tuned controller increases evidence-fact recording when the generator is fixed, while controller-only final-answer gains are not statistically clear. Overall, trajectory supervision improves action prediction and evidence-recording behaviour in this evaluated pipeline. Code is available at https://github.com/padas-lab-de/agent-action-controller