Effect of Nanoemulsions of Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium and Oenothera biennis Flowers Against the West Nile Virus Vector, Culex pipiens, with Phytochemical Profile

Abstract

Simple Summary This study evaluated flower extracts of Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium and Oenothera biennis against Culex pipiens larvae. Nanoemulsion formulations showed stronger larvicidal activity, particularly the C. cinerariaefolium nanoemulsion (LC50 = 26.63 ppm). The treatments disrupted key metabolic and antioxidant enzymes in mosquito larvae. These findings highlight C. cinerariaefolium nanoemulsion as a promising eco-friendly alternative for mosquito control.