Phytochemical basis and antitumor mechanisms of Psoralea corylifolia L.: implications for tumor immunomodulation and therapeutic development

Abstract

Background Psoralea corylifolia L. (PCL), a medicinal plant used in Traditional Chinese Medicine for the treatment of “Kidney-Yang deficiency” has long been applied within a multi-component therapeutic framework. This integrative approach aligns with emerging oncological paradigms that emphasize network-based pharmacology; however, a comprehensive correlation between its phytochemical composition and anti-tumor activity remains insufficiently defined. Objective This review aims to systematically evaluate the antineoplastic properties of PCL by integrating its phytochemical constituents with underlying pharmacological mechanisms and reported clinical relevance, thereby supporting its translational development. Methods A comprehensive narrative review was performed using PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and CNKI to identify studies published from 2010 to August 2026. Evidence from in vitro systems, in vivo models, and clinical observations concerning the antitumor mechanisms, immunomodulatory effects, and safety profile of PCL was critically evaluated according to the experimental model and categorized by mechanistic domain. Results The principal bioactive constituents, including coumarins, flavonoids, and monoterpenoids, demonstrated several anticancer effects. These compounds exerted synergistic effects through multiple mechanisms, such as promoting apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, inhibiting metastatic progression, attenuating multidrug resistance, modulating the tumor immune microenvironment, and altering cellular metabolism. Additionally, the balance between therapeutic efficacy and potential toxicity, particularly hepatotoxicity, is critically discussed, alongside current strategies, including nanotechnology-based delivery systems and combinatorial herbal approaches, designed to improve therapeutic performance. Conclusion PCL represents a multi-target botanical candidate with potential utility in adjuvant cancer therapy. Future studies are required to clarify synergistic interactions, optimize delivery strategies, and support rigorous clinical translation.