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Open access Sep 2026

El Niño - Understanding the World's Most Powerful Climate Phenomenon

El Niño, the most powerful interannual climate phenomenon, arises from warming of sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern Pacific, disrupting trade winds and atmospheric circulation through the Bjerknes feedback. This reorganisation of global weather leads to weakened monsoons and droughts in South Asia, fl...

K. Shivani, B. Joseph · 0 citations
Open access Aug 2026

Major role for internal variability in tropical Pacific warming pattern over satellite era.

Home to El Niño, the tropical Pacific is a key player in the global climate system. While most of the planet has warmed during the satellite era of 1982-2024, the eastern tropical Pacific surface has mysteriously cooled. What is troubling is that fully coupled global climate models mostly fail to simulate this distinct...

Shang-Ping Xie, Ayumu Miyamoto, Qi-Hua Peng et al. · 1 citation
Open access Sep 2026

The Role of ENSO Phase Transition in the Delayed North Atlantic Oscillation Response

The El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is the dominant mode of interannual variability in the Earth system, exerting profound influences on global weather and climate. One notable impact is its ability to generate a dipole‐like sea level pressure anomaly pattern over the North Atlantic, resembling the North Atlantic O...

Bing-Ning Meng, Lei Zhang · 0 citations
Open access Aug 2026

The role of tropical inter-basin interactions in initiating the 2020–2023 La Niña: a hindcast-based predictability study

The recent triple-dip La Niña event from 2020 to 2023 in the equatorial Pacific, which occurred without a preceding strong El Niño, challenges the traditional understanding of multi-year La Niña dynamics governed solely by the recharge oscillator theory. This study investigates the mechanisms behind the initiation of t...

Nahid A. Hasan, Y. Chikamoto, Wei Zhang et al. · 0 citations
Open access Sep 2026

Different Last Millennium El Niño Southern Oscillation Sea Surface Temperature Patterns Drive Disparate North Atlantic Tropical Cyclone Characteristics

Understanding the relationship between the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon and North Atlantic tropical cyclone (TC) activity is critical for both seasonal predictions and future projections of TCs. Unfortunately, the satellite observational era (1970‐present) captures too few El Niño events to fully cha...

E. Wallace, Sylvia G. Dee, Andrew Bierbower et al. · 0 citations
Open access Oct 2026

Ocean thermal inertia sustains a tropical Pacific mean state shift under net zero

The tropical Pacific plays a pivotal role in global climate, and changes in its mean state and in the El Niño Southern Oscillation can substantially alter regional hydroclimates with major economic and societal impacts. Yet, its response to different emission pathways remains poorly constrained. Here we assess changes...

Aditya Sengupta, A. King, Josephine R. Brown et al. · 0 citations

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