Efficient Circuit Management and Scheduling in Multi-Node Quantum Systems with Dynamic Links

Abstract

The realization of practical quantum advantage requires executing large-scale circuits that far exceed the qubit capacity of any single quantum processor. To address this, two primary scaling strategies have emerged: circuit cutting, which utilizes classical resources to decompose circuits into smaller fragments, and multi-node networking, which uses quantum resources like EPR pairs to link hardware. However, these methods present a critical trade-off: circuit cutting incurs a classical reconstruction overhead that grows exponentially as $O\left(4^{K}\right)$ with the number of cuts $K$, while EPR-based communication introduces significantly higher noise than local operations, degrading overall fidelity. We present ECLIPSE (Efficient Circuit Management and Link-aware Interconnect Placement and Scheduling for large-scale circuit Execution), a unified framework for multi-node quantum systems. ECLIPSE jointly optimizes circuit partitioning, EPR-pair allocation, noise-aware scheduling, and execution by analyzing the connectivity and gate structure of the input circuit to balance classical sampling overhead against quantum communication noise. ECLIPSE comprises: (1) a Circuit Analyst that identifies subcircuit pairs whose EPR-based merging yields a large reduction in sampling overhead; (2) a System Reconfiguration module that assigns each EPR link to a lownoise physical worker pair; and (3) a Scheduler that distributes subcircuits to workers to reduce cumulative noise impact. We implement ECLIPSE using IBM Qiskit and Quantinuum Pytket and evaluate it on real quantum hardware and multiple emulators. Across these platforms, ECLIPSE outperforms state-of-theart Qiskit-Addon-Cut by up to 16.7% in multi-node fidelity and 40.8% for deep circuits at high EPR success rates, while reducing cumulative overhead by up to 99.5% at 8 workers, thereby enabling practical large-circuit execution on today's distributed quantum systems.