TL;DR
This review will focus on the impact of CKM syndrome in women, examine gaps in the current risk stratification and diagnostic strategy, and identify opportunities to improve prevention and management in this population.
Cardio-kidney-metabolic (CKM) syndrome, characterized by the combination of metabolic factors (obesity, diabetes), chronic kidney disease (CKD) or cardiovascular disease (CVD), is highly prevalent and confers a high risk of morbidity and mortality. The treatment of CKM syndrome is rapidly evolving, with multiple treatm...
Cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) syndrome was formalized by the American Heart Association in 2023 to capture the biological and clinical continuum linking excess adiposity, metabolic dysfunction, chronic kidney disease (CKD), and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Population-based studies indicate that CKM stage ≥1 af...
KEY POINTS The cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) syndrome framework has important implications in the care of people with kidney diseases. Cardiovascular screening is important in people with kidney diseases, but the approach may differ in this high-risk population. Multiple pharmacotherapies for CKM syndrome offer...
Obesity is a major risk factor for chronic kidney disease (CKD), which contributes to a complex interplay of metabolic, inflammatory, and hemodynamic disturbances that accelerate kidney function decline and heighten cardiovascular risk. Obesity contributes to kidney injury through direct mechanisms, including glomerula...
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review examines the mechanistic, epidemiological and therapeutic evidence underpinning liver integration into the cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) construct. For the purposes of this review, we use the term cardiovascular-renal-hepatic-metabolic (CRHM) syndrome to denote this expanded framew...
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