Nanoparticle-Based Therapeutics and Drug Delivery for Alzheimer’s Disease

Abstract

The population affected by Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is increasing, and the trend is predicted to continue in the foreseeable future. AD is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by neuroinflammation influenced by inflammatory cytokines and microglial activation in an attempt to clear excessive amyloidbeta (Aβ) plaques and hyperphosphorylated tau protein tangles. Current therapeutics are primarily focused on slowing down the progression of the disease. Current therapeutics entering the brain also face physiological barriers, such as the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and the systemic clearance of the drug itself. Certain nanoparticle (NP) formulations present themselves as potential drug delivery agents and/ or potential therapeutics, making them a promising solution in the treatment of AD. The article aims to examine and discuss the performance and limitations of four NP formulations from different studies. Multiple studies since 2010 related to NPs and Alzheimer’s have been reviewed. Three general types of NPs have been examined: gold, polymer-based, and lipid-based. In the articles reviewed, gold NP formulations served therapeutic purposes in vivo. Liposomes served as a drug delivery agent for caffeic acid in vitro. Polymer-based NPs modified with targeting peptides delivering rifampicin were found to be effective against Aβ accumulation in vivo. However, the lack of clinical trials, limitations of animal models, and little toxicity testing make it difficult to judge the toxicity of the nanoparticle formulations. Since experimental models and designs were different for each NP formulation examined, comparisons of effectiveness and future potentials are inappropriate.