Analysis of the Tensile Failure Process of TRC Based on Load–Displacement Curves and DIC Full-Field Strain: Multi-Crack Stable Development Mechanism Under the ACK Framework

Abstract

This study systematically investigates the effects of reinforcement ratio, textile orientation, and interface treatment on the tensile behavior of carbon fiber textile-reinforced concrete (TRC) through uniaxial tensile tests and numerical simulation. The experimental results indicate that as the reinforcement ratio increases from 0.44% to 1.33%, the ultimate tensile stress rises from 1.86 MPa to 4.08 MPa (an increase of 119%), the ultimate tensile strain increases from 0.86% to 1.72% (an increase of 100%), and the average crack spacing decreases from 24.3 mm to 8.7 mm (a reduction of 64%). Correspondingly, the failure mode transitions from brittle single-crack fracture to multi-crack quasi-ductile failure. Compared with transverse orientation, the longitudinal orientation yields a 32.7% increase in ultimate tensile stress and a 46.2% increase in ultimate tensile strain, primarily attributable to a 35–45% enhancement in interfacial frictional stress. Under the longitudinal configuration, carbon-glue interfacial treatment further improves the ultimate tensile stress by 36.9% and the ultimate tensile strain by 42.1%, while reducing the average crack spacing to 8.1 mm and shifting the failure mode toward fiber rupture-dominated failure. Digital image correlation (DIC) analysis reveals that the strain inhomogeneity index decreases from 0.65–0.78 to 0.28–0.35. The finite element simulation results indicate that the error in peak load remains below 5%, and the error in crack spacing remains below 10%. This study establishes a quantitative regulatory framework encompassing reinforcement ratio, textile orientation, and interface treatment, thereby providing a basis for performance prediction and optimization of TRC.