Thermo–hydro–mechanical modeling of a TBM tunnel in Opalinus Clay: Thermal coupling effects on long-term lining pressures and excavation damage zone development

Abstract

Tunnels in argillaceous formations such as Opalinus Clay (OPA) develop a coupled thermal, hydraulic, and mechanical response. This study examines the New Belchen Tunnel (STB), excavated by tunnel boring machine through faulted OPA shale. Field measurements show a strong relation between lining temperature and radial pressure. We use a two-dimensional plane-strain THM model to examine excavation, construction heat, seasonal temperature cycles, pore-pressure transients, and stress redistribution. The model reproduces the phasing and approximate magnitude of the seasonal pressure cycles and shows how the thermal expansion mismatch between the lining, grout, and OPA modifies lining load and near-field pore pressure. It underestimates the monotonic long-term pressure increase at several sensors. Comparison with radial extensometer measurements indicates that moisture-driven swelling, local geological structure, grout or interface damage, and three-dimensional construction effects also contribute. The model therefore supports a thermal interpretation of the cyclic response while defining the processes required for a fuller long-term back-analysis.