Presence of globally prominent multidrug-resistant genotypes of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi in New York State, 2016–2023
TL;DR
The presence of globally dominant resistant genotypes that are likely facilitated by human travel in New York State are revealed, suggesting the spread of high-risk genotypes of international origins to New York State is likely facilitated by human travel.
Abstract
Abstract The human-restricted enteric pathogen Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) is the causative agent of the life-threatening typhoid fever. Although S. Typhi incidence is relatively low in the USA, routine surveillance of S. Typhi is critical to track the emergence and spread of high-risk lineages in non-endemic areas. In this study, we analysed 151 genomes of S. Typhi isolates from patients who were clinically confirmed with typhoid fever across New York State between 2016 and 2023. We used the GenoTyphi classification scheme and identified established multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant lineages. We detected the presence of the globally widespread genotype 4.3.1 (haplotype 58) and its derivative 4.3.1.1.P1, which recently emerged in Pakistan, as well as the Bangladesh-restricted lineages 3.3.2.Bd1 and 3.3.2.Bd2 in our dataset. Ten mutations and 14 acquired genes associated with antimicrobial resistance (AMR) were present across the entire population, with 86.8% of the genomes possessing at least one of these AMR determinants. The gyrA S83F mutation conferring quinolone and triclosan resistance was the most frequently detected (94 genomes). Combinations of dfrA7+catA1 (resistance to trimethoprim and chloramphenicol, respectively) and sul2+aph(3″)-Ib+aph(6)-Id (resistance to sulphonamide and aminoglycosides, respectively) co-occurred frequently and were associated with IncQ and IncY plasmid replicons. Phylogenetic contextualization against a global dataset of 1,643 genomes from 20 countries across five continents, including other parts of the USA, from the same time period showed geographic intermingling, suggesting the spread of high-risk genotypes of international origins to New York State. Altogether, these findings reveal the presence of globally dominant resistant genotypes that are likely facilitated by human travel in New York State, where typhoid fever is not endemic. Long-term genomic surveillance is critical to AMR profiling, identifying genotypic shifts in regional S. Typhi populations, monitoring transmission routes and guiding effective public health interventions.