From Trajectories to Grounded Preferences: Process Preference Synthesis via Interaction Element Graphs for Web PRMs

Abstract

Comparative Process Reward Models (PRMs) provide critical step-level guidance for autonomous web agents by evaluating state-conditioned preferences between candidate actions. However, existing preference training data synthesized via multi-policy sampling suffers from a severe scarcity of Grounded Minimal Contrastive Pairs (GMCPs)-where competing candidates target genuine on-page elements with identical action types. In representative baselines preference data (namely, WebArbiter), GMCPs account for merely 24.19%, biasing PRMs during training to rely on shallow shortcuts (such as element hallucinations and action type mismatches) rather than acquiring genuine contextual decision semantics. To address these challenges, we propose SURFPRM, a graph-guided process preference synthesis framework for comparative Web PRMs. SURFPRM structures web demonstrations into a persistent Interaction Element Graph that acts as an environment-grounded negative action proposal mechanism, systematically synthesizing contrastive negative actions across spatial, temporal, and spatiotemporal confusion axes. This elevates the GMCP proportion from 24.19% to 74.60%, producing the curated SURFPRM-DATA dataset. Across six open-source backbones (3B to 9B parameters), PRMs trained on SURFPRM-DATA outperform baseline-trained models on average on WEBPRMBENCH and rival leading proprietary LLMs. In downstream reward-guided trajectory search on WEBARENA-LITE, SURFPRM provides step-level guidance for both GPT-4o (+14.21%) and GPT-4o-mini (+12.83%) policies, yielding substantial improvements in complex web task success rates.