RISE: Red-teaming via Iterative Strategy Evolution for Modern Text-to-Image Models

Abstract

On modern production text-to-image systems, successful policy violations are rare, and previously effective human-written seeds are often patched out. Current automated red-teamers are poorly matched to this regime in two ways: unreliable success measurement and poor exploration. First, we find that judges widely used in prior T2I red-teaming work are unreliable under vague unsafe-content targets: they either miss true violations or reward benign borderline images on hardened APIs. We therefore define strict category-specific success criteria and calibrate strong VLM judges against human labels. Second, we show that broadly used prompt-modification pipelines do not solve the exploration problem: on harder guardrail settings they remain tied to seed prompts, fail to transfer, or cannot bootstrap positive examples. We introduce RISE, which evolves reusable strategies used to generate prompts rather than rewriting them one by one. The best discovered strategies are then reused to generate attacks across new scenarios. On DALL-E 3, Nano Banana 2 (Google) and GPT-Image-2, RISE reaches up to 13% human-verified ASR; under the same calibrated evaluation, prior methods with reported ASR as high as roughly 30% fall to near zero.