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Muscle‐Conformal Injectable Eutectogel Platform With Activated Adhesion for Therapeutic Epidermal Bioelectronics

Aug 2026 · Advanced Healthcare Materials · Vol 15 · 0 citations · 46 references
Medicine

TL;DR

Overall, this work establishes [PTES]‐driven eutectogels as a versatile macromolecular platform that integrates injectability, wet adhesion, network toughness, and stable ionic conductivity for epidermal bioelectronics interfaces and soft mechanosensing applications.

Abstract

Achieving simultaneous wet adhesion, mechanical robustness, and long‐term ionic conductivity in soft electronic interfaces remains a major challenge for the design of next‐generation epidermal bioelectronics. Here, an injectable, muscle‐conformal eutectogel comprising gelatin‐based microgels and a polymerizable ternary eutectic solvent ([PTES]) is introduced, serving as a reactive medium and catalyst for rapid epoxy–amine crosslinking at physiological temperature. The [PTES] system establishes an extended hydrogen‐bonding and ionic network that accelerates ring‐opening reactions, enabling fast on‐tissue gelation and robust adhesion. Compositional tuning reveals that increasing [PTES] content enhances complex viscosity by 114%, increases peel adhesion from 0.238 ± 0.063 to 0.309 ± 0.091·Nm−1, and reduces swelling ratios from 432% to 332%, confirming the formation of denser dual dynamic–covalent networks. Electrical analyses show that polymerized [PTES] generates stable ionic pathways, decreasing initial resistance from 4.91±0.10 to 3.17±0.12 kΩ, with conductivity preserved over 5 days. The optimized eutectogel demonstrates excellent diabetic wound healing, high piezoresistive sensitivity with a gauge factor of 4.2 at 300% strain, enabling precise detection of both micro‐ and macro‐scale human motions. Overall, this work establishes [PTES]‐driven eutectogels as a versatile macromolecular platform that integrates injectability, wet adhesion, network toughness, and stable ionic conductivity for epidermal bioelectronics interfaces and soft mechanosensing applications.

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