Dynamical Crossover of the Quantum Fisher Information in the Spin-Boson Model

Abstract

We investigate the dynamical quantum Fisher information of a two-level system coupled to a bosonic environment, focusing on the estimation of the qubit gap. We combine analytical calculations with numerically controlled matrix-product-state simulations. In the exactly solvable pure-dephasing Ohmic regime at zero temperature, the long-time quantum Fisher information displays a coupling-dependent algebraic behavior, leading to a dynamical crossover: it grows without bound at weak coupling, approaches a finite asymptotic value at the crossover coupling, and vanishes at strong coupling. At finite temperature, thermal fluctuations suppress the long-time growth and generate a finite-time maximum, whose dependence on the dephasing coupling retains a clear signa- ture of the zero-temperature crossover. We show that this crossover is absent at zero temperature in non-Ohmic baths: the long-time quantum Fisher information vanishes in the sub-Ohmic and diverges in the super-Ohmic regimes. At non-zero temperature instead, the crossover appears for a super-Ohmic quadratic bath and the crossover coupling becomes temperature-dependent. Moreover, in the zero-temperature Ohmic regime, we introduce an additional amplitude-damping system-bath coupling that induces energy relaxation. This relaxation channel replaces the unbounded long-time growth with a finite asymptotic quantum Fisher information associated with the reduced interacting ground state, while a signature of the pure-dephasing crossover persists in the early-time dynamics. These results establish a direct connection between the low-frequency structure of the bath and the asymptotic metrological behavior of dynamical gap sensing, and show how thermal fluctuations and energy relaxation regularize the ideal pure-dephasing dynamical crossover of the quantum Fisher information.