Determinants and Constraints of Rural Women’s Participation in Non-Farm Economic Activities: Evidences from Taragonj Upazila of Bangladesh

Abstract

This study investigates the determinants and challenges of rural women‘s participation in non- farm economic activities in Taragonj Upazila, Bangladesh. A logistic regression model was applied to analyze survey data from 399 respondents, using a dummy variable approach to assess the factors influencing women‘s engagement in off-farm income-generating activities. Results highlight that farm income serves as the primary livelihood source, with an average of BDT 22,046.67, compared to BDT 13,860 for off-farm income. However, the variability in farm income underscores the necessity of non-farm activities as a supplemental source of income for rural households. Key determinants of participation include education, training, land ownership, credit access, and proximity to markets, all of which significantly and positively influence engagement in non-farm economic activities. The model's LR Chi-square value (43.70) and Pseudo R-squared (0.476) indicate strong explanatory power. Age and farming experience also show positive impacts, while larger household size slightly reduces participation likelihood. Marital status, group membership, and the number of dependents appear to have minimal influence. Challenges faced by women include social and cultural constraints, lack of expertise, and limited transportation infrastructure, as identified through a perception analysis. Social barriers ranked highest, emphasizing the need for community awareness campaigns to address gender norms. Skill development programs, improved rural infrastructure, and accessible credit facilities are essential to enhance women's economic participation. The study underscores the critical role of empowering rural women in achieving sustainable development goals, particularly SDG 1 (No Poverty), SDG 5 (Gender Equality), and SDG 8 (Decent Work and Economic Growth). These findings provide actionable insights for policymakers to design targeted interventions promoting inclusive and equitable rural development.