Characteristics, Interventions, and Integrated Care Mechanisms of Effective Stepped Care Models for Adult Mental Health: A Systematic Review

Abstract

Introduction: Mental health conditions are growing globally, and innovative models like stepped care have been advocated to improve accessibility, coordination, and outcomes. This review aims to identify the core components and mechanisms influencing the effectiveness of stepped care models for adults with mental health conditions.   Methods: This systematic review was conducted following AHRQ and Cochrane MECIR standards. A comprehensive search was undertaken in Medline, Embase, APA PsycINFO, CINAHL, and Scopus. Eligible studies were peer-reviewed, original or secondary analyses published from 2015 onward. The quality of studies was assessed using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. A thematic narrative synthesis was performed to identify core components and mechanisms associated with effectiveness. A total of 84 studies involving 958,380 participants were included.   Results: Stepped care model types included progressive (n=38), stratified (n=30) combined (n=8) and collaborative (n=8). Six levels of care were identified: watchful waiting, screening and assessment, guided self-care, low-intensity care, high-intensity care, and specialist care.   Compared to previous or usual care, 10 of 22 studies examining patient experiences, 27 of 47 studies examining clinical and functional outcomes, and 13 of 17 studies investigating cost-effectiveness reported positive outcomes. Implementation barriers implied access difficulties for high-intensity users and vulnerable groups.   Conclusion: Stepped care models are often more effective than usual care and can significantly reduce costs, especially when targeted at individuals with moderate needs. However, the evidence does not currently provide clarity on the core components that positively or negatively influence the effectiveness of stepped care in improving care experiences and outcomes.