CHALLENGES IN THE DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF ATTENTION-DEFICIT/HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER

Abstract

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, with challenges that extend from childhood through old age. This narrative review synthesizes and critically analyzes contemporary scientific evidence regarding the diagnostic criteria and treatment strategies for ADHD. The search was conducted in the PubMed database using the MeSH terms “Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity,” “Diagnosis,” and “Therapeutics.” Diagnostic confirmation remains primarily clinical, guided by the DSM-5-TR and ICD-11. However, the expansion of the nosology raises debates regarding overdiagnosis in childhood—associated with the effect of relative school age—and underdiagnosis in specific populations, such as adults, the elderly, pregnant women, and individuals with comorbidities, such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD). In the therapeutic context, although psychostimulants are highly effective, management requires a multimodal approach that integrates non-pharmacological interventions, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy, physical exercise, and technological resources adapted to the specific characteristics of each life stage.