Review
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Review
Open access
Aug 2026
4D printing for biomedical and robotic applications: Materials, mechanisms, stimuli, and emerging trends – A comprehensive review
Four-dimensional (4D) printing represents a paradigm shift in additive manufacturing by which three-dimensionally printed objects are able to perform temporally changing shape, property, or function upon stimulation by environmental signals. In this review, the state-of-the-art of 4D printing technology, especially as...
K. Dewangan
· Journal of Thermoplastic Com... · 0 citations
Open access
Sep 2026
Design Concept for Direct 4D-Printed Thermally Actuated PLA Components for Potential Biomedical Applications
The development of 4D-printing technology enables the fabrication of smart structures capable of transforming in response to external stimuli, offering potential for future minimally invasive biomedical applications. This study explores a direct 4D-printing approach for producing thermally actuated polylactic acid (PLA...
Stefan Junk, Steffen Schrock, Sabina Stanar et al.
· Designs · 0 citations
Review
Open access
2026
4D Printing in Prosthodontics: A Literature Review
Four-dimensional (4D) printing represents an emerging advancement in additive manufacturing that combines three-dimensional printing with smart, stimuli-responsive materials capable of undergoing programmed changes in shape, dimensions, physical properties, or biological function over time. Unlike conventional 3D-print...
Prerna Kumari, A. K. Kar
· European Journal of Prosthod... · 0 citations
Review
Open access
Sep 2026
4D printing of stimuli-responsive hydrogel actuators for intelligent biomedical soft robotics.
Recent innovations, such as soft robotic grippers, shape-morphing surgical tools, actuated implants, and self-sensing soft interfaces, are discussed here to provide a roadmap for translating complex material architectures into next-generation intelligent biomedical soft robotics.
Sirawit Pruksawan, Yi-Ting Chong, Charlene Huang Yixuan Ng et al.
· Journal of materials chemist... · 0 citations
Review
Open access
Sep 2026
Advances in 4D-Printed Shape Memory Polymers from Materials, Mechanisms and Fabrication Techniques to Applications: A Comprehensive Review
Shape memory polymers (SMPs) and their multifunctional composites have become important material systems for 4D printing because they can be processed into structures with programmed deformation and stimulus-responsive actuation. After being fixed in a temporary configuration, SMPs are able to recover their permanent s...
Gang Wang, Meng-Yao Dong, Jun-Fang Shen et al.
· Materials · 0 citations
Open access
Aug 2026
Adaptive Foam 3D Printing of Ultralight and Multifunctional Materials
Interest in the realm of soft materials toward low‐density yet mechanically robust products is evolving into a nascent field known as foam 3D printing, a compelling avenue for ultralightweight and multifunctional materials. Among an array of strategies, the combination of expandable microspheres (EMs) and 3D printing m...
Nariman Rajabifar, A. Ameli
· Advanced Engineering Materia... · 1 citation