Neurons to Genes A Comprehensive Review of Parkinson’s Disease

Advances in Modern Biomedicine

Targeting Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration in Parkinson's Disease: Emerging Natural and Synthetic Therapeutic Strategies.

Natural bioactive compounds, gene-based therapies, stem cell-based therapies, stem cell-based therapies, and nanotechnology-assisted drug delivery systems are promising alternatives as suggested by recent advances and could help to more effectively and permanently manage PD.

Nanotechnology-enabled delivery of bioactive compounds for neuroprotection in Parkinson's disease: mechanisms and future directions.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder marked by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Its clinical features include motor symptoms such as tremor, bradykinesia, rigidity, and postural instability. The pathophysiology of PD involves oxidative stress, mitochondrial impairment, neuroinflammation, protein misfolding, and aberrant alpha-synuclein aggregation, which disrupt dopaminergic signaling pathways. Biomarkers such as α-synuclein, DJ-1, neurofilament light chain, and imaging biomarkers such as DAT-SPECT are being studied for early diagnosis, evaluation of disease progression, and therapy monitoring. Although advancements have been made, current options-such as dopamine replacement therapy, deep brain stimulation, and physiotherapy-remain largely symptomatic, carry long-term side effects, and fail to halt disease progression. Nanotechnology advancements have brought a major paradigm shift in the management of PD. Curcumin, Resveratrol, and EGCG are bioactive compounds with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties. However, their clinical use is limited because of poor bioavailability and stability. Nanocarrier systems such as liposomes, dendrimers, and polymeric nanoparticles improve targeted delivery through the blood-brain barrier. This helps in reducing systemic toxicity and enhancing therapeutic effectiveness. The therapeutic mechanism of these nanoformulations mainly involves free radical scavenging, modulation of mitochondrial function, inhibition of α-synuclein fibril formation, and regulation of cell signal transduction pathways such as Nrf2/ARE and NF-κB. The major challenges include large-scale production, long-term safety assessment, regulatory challenges, and site-specific delivery. Future research is moving toward the convergence of gene therapy, nanomedicine, and precision targeting to develop disease-modifying therapy. This approach aims not only to control symptoms but also to potentially control neurodegeneration in PD.

KLF4 in Parkinson’s Disease: Decoding the Molecular Puzzle of Neuroinflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Emerging Therapies

This review focuses on the potential molecular mechanism underlying KLF4-mediated neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and apoptosis and targeting them appears to be a viable therapeutic strategy for treating PD.

Prodromal Recognition of Non-Motor Symptoms and Biomarkers in Parkinson's Disease

The diagnosis of Parkinson's disease (PD) is often delayed due to over-reliance on motor manifestations, despite the fact that pathological changes including abnormal aggregation of alpha-synuclein (α-syn) and progressive dopaminergic neuronal loss in the substantia nigra pars compacta begin years before overt symptoms emerge. This interval, termed the prodromal phase, represents a critical window for potential intervention. This review summarizes the application value of non-motor symptoms (NMS) and their biomarkers in prodromal identification. Evidence on four NMS categories, namely isolated rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (iRBD), autonomic dysfunction, sensory impairment, and neuropsychiatric symptoms, is synthesized. Fluid biomarkers including cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) α-syn seed amplification assay, plasma proteins, and urine proteins, as well as neuroimaging tools including magnetic resonance imaging striatal metrics and meta-iodobenzylguanidine scintigraphy, are evaluated. The findings indicate that while iRBD and CSF α-syn seed amplification assay offer strong predictive value, no single modality suffices for reliable prodromal screening. A multi-modal strategy combining clinical symptoms, fluid markers, and imaging data appears more promising. By consolidating dispersed evidence across subspecialties, this review aims to offer clinicians and researchers an integrated reference for selecting and refining early detection strategies.

Role of STX1A in Parkinson's disease: evidence, mechanistic hypotheses, and translational perspectives.

The biomarker and therapeutic potential of STX1A remains preliminary because diagnostic performance, disease specificity, longitudinal stability, and causal relevance have not been adequately validated and future studies using cell-type-specific STX1A manipulation, rescue experiments, electrophysiology, and multicenter longitudinal cohorts are required to define the biological and clinical significance of STX1A in PD.