Factors associated with non-smoking status among adult males in urban communities: A decade analysis from two consecutive cross-sectional surveys in Indonesia, 2011 and 2021

INTRODUCTION Understanding characteristics related to non-smoking status among adult males (NSAM) is crucial to identify social determinants of health, since Indonesia has one of highest smoking prevalence globally. This study aimed to examine the prevalence and associated factors of NSAM in urban communities.

Methods

This study was a secondary data analysis based on two waves of cross-sectional surveys of the Indonesian Global Adults Tobacco Surveys (IGATS) 2011 and 2021. A total of 1553 and 1363 productive age males aged >18 years in urban areas were included in the final analysis for both surveys, respectively. We applied descriptive statistics, chi-squared tests and binary logistic regression models for complex survey data. Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were utilized.

Results

The weighted percentage of NSAM decreased from 20.19% in 2011 to 12.61% in 2021. Compared to those with lower education, NSAM was more common among adult males with higher education (AOR=2.26; 95% CI: 1.58–3.22) in 2011, (AOR