Constitutional Phenotyping through Ayurvedic Prakṛti: Molecular and Physiological Correlates across Cardiometabolic, Immunological, and Neuroendocrine Axes

Abstract

The classical Ayurvedic concept of Prakṛti, the constitutional type determined by relative dominance of the Doshas (Vata, Pitta, Kapha) aims to affect metabolism, immune response, personality, and vulnerability to diseases. With progress in genomics, epigenetics, metabolomics, and microbiome research, there is increasing interest in studying whether Prakṛti aligns with measurable variations in human biology. Accordingly, this study aims to conduct review study combining human based empirical research that connects Prakṛti to variations in genetics/epigenetics, cardiometabolic characteristics, and immune systems to evaluate its effectiveness as a stratification tool for personalized medicine. This study includes a narrative review of peer-reviewed human studies published in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and accessible biomedical journals from 2010 to 2025. The inclusion criteria involve a clear classification of participants into Prakṛti types and the assessment of at least one biological parameter (genetic polymorphism, methylation, lipid/glucose levels, inflammatory markers, microbiome, or physiological/autonomic metrics). The result depicts that constitution specific patterns vary in terms of metabolism, neurodevelopmental patterns, autonomic and immune responses. The existing evidence indicates that Prakṛti is a heritable, biologically significant, and measurable phenotype. Evidence from various database, journals and research-based sources suggest that Prakṛti has potential role in personalized and preventive healthcare. It strengthens the scientific basis of Ayurgenomics and identifies Prakṛti as a framework for precision medicine, personalized nutrition, disease risk prediction, and individualized therapeutic approaches.