Cybersecurity Legal Framework in Saudi Arabia: A Comparative Analysis
Abstract
Background: In today's digital era, especially in a Vision 2030 country like the KSA, cybersecurity has turned into an integral legal and institutional duty, with increasing reliance on digital infrastructure, personal data, and electronic transactions. Objective: In this study, the researchers aim to assess the efficiency of Saudi Arabia's legal and regulatory frameworks for cybersecurity in the protection of national infrastructures, personal rights, and the digital economy, as well as in facing new cyber risks. Method: The research is of an analytical nature that discusses the main Saudi legislations such as the Anti-Cyber Crime Law, Personal Data Protection Law, Electronic Transactions Law, Telecommunications and Information Technology Law, and the Essential Cybersecurity Controls issued by the National Cybersecurity Authority (NCA). A comparative approach is used, utilizing international standards such as ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 27032, NIST Cybersecurity Framework, and some European regulatory models. Findings: The Saudi framework encompasses criminal protection, governance, risk management, compliance, and personal data protection, which enhances national security and trust in the digital environment. The roles and responsibilities are no longer limited to technical teams, but include Boards of Directors, Executive Management, and compliance teams. Due diligence and regulatory compliance are becoming a significant factor in determining liability. New technologies like artificial intelligence, cloud computing, IoT, and cross-border threats are new challenges that need constant adjustment in legislation and institutions. Conclusion: Saudi Arabia's cybersecurity framework exhibits significant alignment with international standards and best practices. It has to be constantly updated and reinforced through regulation, tighter institutional compliance, and development of a legal and cybersecurity culture that favours a digital transformation and sustainable development.