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Context-Aware Energy-Efficient Post-Quantum Security for Edge IoT

Abstract

The proliferation of the Internet of Things and the expansion of the Computing Continuum toward the extreme edge have introduced unprecedented challenges in balancing computational performance, communication reliability, and energy autonomy. While current security standards rely on classical asymmetric cryptography, the emergence of practical quantum advantage poses a critical threat to the long-term integrity of these infrastructures. This doctoral thesis addresses the urgent need for quantum-resistant security in resource-constrained environments by characterizing the energy impact of Post-Quantum Cryptography on battery-powered Internet of Things nodes. A significant research gap was identified regarding the precise quantification of energy consumption when deploying National Institute of Standards and Technology-standardized Post-Quantum Cryptography algorithms at the extreme edge. To bridge this gap, this research proposes a dynamic context-aware, multi-level security framework designed for ARM Cortex-M4-based devices. The architecture integrates a custom-tailored communication protocol and a modular security engine that pivots between different post-quantum cryptographic schemes, specifically utilizing Advanced Encryption Standard-256 for symmetric encryption, Kyber Module-Lattice-Based Key-Encapsulation Mechanism for key encapsulation, and Falcon Fast Fourier Lattice-based Compact Signatures over NIST-curves for digital signatures. The methodology involved an extensive experimental campaign consisting of multiple experiments of continuous energy characterization. By analyzing 160 unique samples across four operational scenarios with transmission intervals ranging from 60 to 5 seconds and four security tiers, the research quantifies the trade-offs between cryptographic security and battery life. The results provide an empirical baseline for the energy cost of quantum resilience, demonstrating the feasibility of Post-Quantum Cryptography at the extreme edge through optimized key rotation and Energy-Aware Security strategies. Finally, this Thesis was developed under an Industrial Doctorate collaboration with the company Métodos y Tecnología de Sistemas y Procesos (MTP) within the SecBluRed project. Due to the proprietary nature of this collaboration and the associated Non-Disclosure Agreements, the source code generated during this research is not publicly available. The findings not only contribute to the academic state-of-the-art but also offer actionable design guidelines for the industry, ensuring that future Industrial Internet of Things and smart city infrastructures remain secure against quantum threats without compromising their operational longevity. This work has been recognized with the Industrial Mention, highlighting its strategic value for the transfer of high-assurance cybersecurity knowledge to the private sector. RESUMEN La proliferación del Internet de las Cosas (Internet of Things) y la expansión del Computing Continuum hacia el extreme edge han introducido desafíos sin precedentes para equilibrar el rendimiento computacional, la fiabilidad de las comunicaciones y la autonomía energética. Mientras que los estándares de seguridad actuales dependen de la criptografía asimétrica clásica, la aparición de la ventaja cuántica práctica plantea una amenaza crítica para la integridad a largo plazo de estas infraestructuras. Esta tesis doctoral aborda la necesidad urgente de seguridad resistente a ataques cuánticos en entornos de recursos limitados, caracterizando el impacto energético de la Criptografía Post-Cuántica en nodos del Internet de las Cosas alimentados por batería. Se ha identificado una brecha de investigación significativa en cuanto a la cuantificación precisa del consumo de energía al desplegar algoritmos de Criptografía Post-Cuántica estandarizados por el Instituto Nacional de Estándares y Tecnología (National Institute of Standards and Technology) en el extreme edge. Para cerrar esta brecha, esta investigación propone un marco de seguridad multinivel dinámico diseñado para dispositivos basados en ARM Cortex-M4. La arquitectura integra un protocolo de comunicación adaptado y un motor de seguridad modular que pivota entre regímenes de Advanced Encryption Standard-256 clásico y post-cuántico, utilizando específicamente Kyber (Module-Lattice-Based Key-Encapsulation Mechanism) para el encapsulamiento de claves y Falcon (Fast Fourier Lattice-based Compact Signatures over NIST-curves) para firmas digitales. La metodología consistió en una extensa campaña experimental que comprende múltiples experimentos que permiten caracterizar el consumo energético de manera continua. Mediante el análisis de 160 muestras únicas en cuatro escenarios operativos con intervalos de transmisión de entre 60 y 5 segundos y cuatro niveles de seguridad, la investigación cuantifica el compromiso entre el rigor criptográfico y la vida útil de la batería. Los resultados proporcionan una base empírica para el coste energético de la resiliencia cuántica, demostrando la viabilidad de la Criptografía Post-Cuántica en el extreme edge mediante rotación de claves optimizada y estrategias de seguridad basadas en la energía (Energy-Aware Security). Finalmente, esta Tesis se ha desarrollado bajo un marco de Doctorado Industrial en colaboración con la empresa Métodos y Tecnología de Sistemas y Procesos (MTP) dentro del proyecto SecBluRed. Debido a la naturaleza propietaria de esta colaboración y a los correspondientes Acuerdos de Confidencialidad (Non-Disclosure Agreements), el código fuente generado no está disponible de forma pública. Los hallazgos no solo contribuyen al estado del arte académico, sino que también ofrecen directrices de diseño accionables para la industria, garantizando que las futuras infraestructuras del Internet de las Cosas Industrial y ciudades inteligentes permanezcan seguras frente a amenazas cuánticas sin comprometer su longevidad operativa. Este trabajo ha sido reconocido con la Mención Industrial, destacando su valor estratégico para la transferencia de conocimiento en ciberseguridad de alta garantía al sector privado.

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