Recent Paradigms in Nanomaterial‐Assisted Electrochemical (Bio) Sensing for Food Quality and Safety Analysis: A Critical Review

Abstract

Rising global demand for safe and unadulterated foods has accelerated the need for rapid, low‐cost, and portable analytical technologies. Traditional laboratory methods, although accurate, are often labor‐intensive and unsuitable for decentralized, real‐time monitoring. In response, nanomaterial‐assisted electrochemical sensors have emerged as transformative tools for food quality and safety analysis. This review synthesizes recent paradigms in the design and application of nano‐based electrochemical (bio)sensors for the detection of harmful substances, including mycotoxins, pesticide residues, heavy metals, foodborne pathogens, and illegal/excessive food additives. It also critically evaluates how advanced nanomaterials such as metal/metal oxides, MXenes, carbon‐based nanomaterials, quantum dots, and MOF enhance sensor performance by improving electron transfer kinetics, lowering detection limits, and providing robust antifouling interfaces. Furthermore, the review examines the shift towards miniaturized, point‐of‐care devices, such as smartphone‐integrated potentiostats, and the integration of artificial intelligence for intelligent multi‐parameter food traceability. Finally, the paper discusses current challenges in translating laboratory innovations into commercial field‐based platforms, providing a strategic framework to guide future research in the global food safety monitoring.