BALANITES AEGYPTIACA (L.) DELILE IN THE SAHELIAN ARID ZONES: AN INTEGRATED SYNTHESIS OF ITS ECOLOGY, ETHNOBOTANY, PHYTOCHEMISTRY, PHARMACOLOGY AND SUSTAINABLE VALORIZATION POTENTIAL

Abstract

Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Delile (Zygophyllaceae) is an emblematic woody species of arid and semi-arid zones, characterized by remarkable ecological plasticity and strong multifunctionality. Present within Sahelian agro-sylvo-pastoral systems, it simultaneously contributes to food security, traditional medicine, rural economies, land restoration, and the provision of oilseed and energy products. This review aims to provide an integrated and critical synthesis of scientific knowledge on B. aegyptiaca, linking its taxonomy, geographic distribution, ecology, phenology, ethnobotanical uses, nutritional value, phytochemical profile, pharmacological properties, as well as its silvicultural and bioenergy potential. The literature search, conducted according to PRISMA principles, identified 78 scientific publications retained after screening for the final synthesis. Available data highlight substantial morphological, ecological and biochemical variability among populations and plant organs, as well as a richness in steroidal saponins, polyphenols, flavonoids, tocopherols and unsaturated fatty acids. Antioxidant, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antiparasitic and hepatoprotective activities are mainly documented by experimental studies, whereas nutritional, cosmetic and energy applications show significant valorization potential. However, translation of these findings into clinical applications and structured economic value chains remains limited. The development of multi-site research, domestication and genetic conservation programs, together with toxicological and clinical validation, therefore constitute priorities for the sustainable valorization of the species in Sahelian arid territories.