Obesity and depression - a bidirectional relationship and clinical implications
Abstract
Background: Obesity has become a global civilization-related disease and constitutes an independent risk factor for numerous somatic disorders. Obesity can contribute to depression through low self-esteem, body image concerns, and stigmatization, while depression and chronic stress may promote obesity through emotional eating and binge eating. Both conditions share biological mechanisms, including HPA axis dysregulation, elevated cortisol levels, and chronic inflammation. Effective management requires an interdisciplinary approach that combines weight-loss interventions with psychological treatment. Weight reduction is associated with improved mood and quality of life. Aim: The aim of this narrative review is to analyze and synthesize the current state of knowledge regarding the relationship between obesity and depression. The paper seeks to identify the biological and psychological mechanisms linking both conditions, as well as to assess the impact of obesity on the risk of depression and, conversely, the impact of depressive disorders on the development and course of obesity. Material and methods: A literature review of scientific publications available in databases (including Google Scholar) was conducted, analyzing data on adolescents and adults with respect to pathophysiological and behavioral mechanisms. The review includes 24 articles published between 2006 and 2025. Results: Individuals with obesity have a 55% higher risk of developing depression, whereas patients with depression are 58% more likely to develop obesity. The prevalence of depression in the population of individuals with obesity is increased, and a modifying effect of sex is observed. Key mechanisms include dysregulation of the HPA axis, chronic inflammation, and disturbances in neurotransmission. Conclusions: Effective treatment requires an integrated approach combining weight reduction with psychological interventions. Treatment of obesity may lead to an improvement in mood.