Parallel classical simulation of noisy shallow circuits: no quantum advantage in 1D

Abstract

We consider quantum circuits consisting of $d$ layers of nearest-neighbor two-qubit gates acting on $n$ qubits arranged on a line, where every qubit is independently depolarized with a constant probability before each layer. We describe a randomized parallel algorithm which samples from the output distribution of any such circuit to within total variation error $\delta$, with parallel runtime $2^{O(d)}\log\log(n/\delta)$ and $n 2^{O(d)}$ elementary real-arithmetic operations. Without noise, the same approach gives an exact sampler with parallel runtime $O(\log n)$. For constant depth, we further show that the input/output behavior of the noisy quantum circuit is reproduced up to a constant error by a randomized $\mathsf{AC}^0$-circuit, that is, a Boolean circuit of polynomial size and constant depth with unbounded fan-in AND and OR gates and NOT gates. Consequently, every relation problem solved by a noisy constant-depth quantum circuit in one dimension is also solved, with essentially the same success probability, by a randomized $\mathsf{AC}^0$-circuit. This rules out, for noisy circuits in one dimension, the unconditional quantum advantage established for noisy shallow circuits in two and three dimensions, where polynomial-size classical circuits over the same gate set require depth $\Omega(\log n/\log\log n)$. Our algorithm exploits the fact that depolarizing noise cuts a one-dimensional circuit into independent pieces of logarithmic width, each of which can be sampled exactly in parallel.