Phytochemistry, Chemotypic Diversity and Antimicrobial Potential of Essential Oils From Native Aromatic Plants of the Americas: A Systematic Review

Abstract

Essential oils (EOs) derived from native aromatic plants represent a critical frontier for sustainable development, biodiversity conservation and innovative pharmacological applications in the Americas. This review synthesizes current scientific knowledge on the chemical composition and biological activities of EOs from seven key native species: Baccharis dracunculifolia , Lippia alba , Piper aduncum , Aloysia gratissima , Psidium guajava , Schinus terebinthifolia and Varronia curassavica . These species are integral components of high‐biodiversity Neotropical biomes, possessing a documented history of traditional medicinal applications along with marked volatile diversity. Phytochemically, these oils are predominantly composed of terpenoids biosynthesized through the mevalonate (MVA) and methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathways. Experimental evidence demonstrates significant antimicrobial activity against a broad spectrum of pathogens, including Staphylococcus aureus , Botrytis cinerea and Trypanosoma cruzi . Furthermore, several EOs act as antibiotic adjuvants, enhancing conventional treatments through synergistic interactions. By consolidating phytochemical profiles, chemotypic variability and biological activities, this review highlights existing research gaps and supports the strategic prioritization of native plant biodiversity for sustainable resource valorization, local bioeconomy and pharmaceutical innovation.