Energy Transition and Environmental Sustainability in Nigeria: Assessing the Effects of Renewable Energy Consumption and Fossil Fuel Dependence on Carbon Emissions

Abstract

Nigeria’s economic development has historically been driven by fossil fuel resources, particularly crude oil and natural gas, which have contributed significantly to national revenue generation and industrial growth. However, continued dependence on fossil fuels has intensified environmental challenges, including rising carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions, ecosystem degradation, and vulnerability to climate change impacts. In response to global climate commitments and the growing need for sustainable development, Nigeria has initiated an energy transition pathway that emphasises renewable energy deployment, energy efficiency, and low-carbon development. This paper examines the relationship between energy transition, renewable energy consumption, fossil fuel dependence, and environmental sustainability in Nigeria through a comprehensive review of theoretical perspectives and empirical literature. The study adopts a conceptual review approach by synthesising recent scholarly evidence and reports from international energy institutions. The findings indicate that increased renewable energy consumption contributes to environmental sustainability by reducing reliance on carbon-intensive energy sources, improving energy security, and supporting climate mitigation efforts. Conversely, excessive dependence on fossil fuels remains a major driver of carbon emissions due to Nigeria’s petroleum-based economy and limited diversification of its energy system. However, the transition towards renewable energy faces significant barriers, including inadequate infrastructure, financial constraints, technological limitations, weak institutional capacity, and policy implementation challenges. The study concludes that achieving sustainable energy transition in Nigeria requires coordinated policy reforms, increased renewable energy investment, technological innovation, and stronger institutional frameworks. The paper recommends accelerating renewable energy development, improving energy governance, expanding private-sector participation, and integrating climate considerations into national development strategies.