Dental Health Concerns in Patients with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): A Review

Abstract

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by impairments in communication, social interaction, and behavior. Sensory sensitivities, dietary habits, medication use, and difficulties with self-care increase the risk of oral health problems and limit access to dental services. This narrative and descriptive review, using a scoping methodology, evaluated oral health conditions among individuals with ASD and identified barriers to dental care. Studies reported poorer oral hygiene, increased dental caries, gingival and periodontal diseases, malocclusion, bruxism, and dental trauma among individuals with ASD. Contributing factors included cariogenic food preferences, impaired motor skills, behavioral challenges, sensory hypersensitivity, self-injurious behaviors, and medication-related oral effects. Major barriers included dental anxiety, inadequate professional training, limited specialized services, financial constraints, long waiting times, and caregiver stress. Improved caregiver education, professional training, behavioral strategies, and inclusive dental environments are essential to enhance oral health outcomes in this population.