Expanding the therapeutic landscape of still’s disease: the emerging role of JAK inhibitors

Abstract

ABSTRACT Introduction Still’s disease is a systemic inflammatory disorder characterized by a complex cytokine network involving interleukin (IL)-1, IL‑6, IL‑18 and interferon (IFN)-γ. Although IL‑1 and IL‑6 inhibitors represent the cornerstone of current targeted therapy, a subset of patients remains refractory or develops treatment-related limitations. Janus kinase inhibitors (JAKis) have emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy. Areas covered We reviewed the possible role of JAKis in the management of Still’s disease, with a focus on their mechanistic rationale, clinical evidence, and potential positioning within current therapeutic strategies. A narrative review was conducted through a comprehensive search of MedLine via PubMed accordingly. Expert opinion Preliminary evidence, mainly derived from small observational studies, suggests that JAKis may improve systemic and articular manifestations and allow glucocorticoid sparing. In addition, agents such as ruxolitinib may have a role in macrophage activation syndrome through inhibition of IFN‑γ-dependent pathways. However, incomplete modulation of IL‑1-driven and inflammasome-dependent mechanisms may represent a potential limitation in specific disease phenotypes. JAKis represent a promising addition to the therapeutic armamentarium of Still’s disease, particularly in refractory cases. Further prospective studies are needed to define the role of JAKis within the treatment algorithm of Still’s disease.