From Laboratory to Industry: Evaporating Functional Layers at High Rates for Fully Textured Perovskite/Silicon Tandems

Abstract

The commercialization of perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells requires not only scalable processing of the perovskite top cell but also deposition of the different functional layers at rates high enough to enable high‐throughput production. In this work, we bridge the gap between laboratory research and industrial requirements by demonstrating the deposition of hole‐transporting materials, inorganic scaffolds, and electron‐transporting materials at rates at least an order of magnitude higher than conventional baselines using point‐source evaporation. We systematically investigate the impact of accelerated deposition on film properties, composition, and device performance to guide high‐rate processing in industry‐standard scalable tools. By establishing the feasibility of high‐rate evaporation for multiple layers, this study provides realistic insights into the transition from lab‐scale processing of perovskite top cells toward industrial‐scale manufacturing and highlights aspects that have to be considered in the future when switching from laboratory equipment (typically point sources) to industrial equipment (typically linear sources). Through the use of higher evaporation rates for the functional layers, we reached a power conversion efficiency of ~30% in fully textured tandems, increasing to 32.3% with thermally evaporated PDAI passivation. These findings provide crucial insights needed to push perovskite photovoltaic technologies toward high‑throughput and scalable production processes.