IoT Based Electrical Energy Consumption Monitoring System Design

Abstract

Conventional kWh meters have a functional limitation: they measure household electrical energy consumption without the ability to control electrical loads, which can lead to uncontrolled energy use and high electricity costs. This study aims to design and build an Internet of Things (IoT)-based energy monitoring system capable of tracking electrical parameters in real time while automatically and remotely controlling electrical loads. The novelty of this research lies in the variation of testing time, the type and capacity of loads used, and the evaluation of the system's energy-saving effectiveness under energy-limiting control. The system was evaluated using an error percentage calculation method, with a Taffware KWE-PM01 wattmeter as the comparison standard, the 5V Songle relay datasheet, and efficiency savings calculations. Results show that the PZEM-004T sensor's measurement error percentage remained below the ±5% tolerance limit, with a maximum error of 4.3%. Relay response time ranged from 0.2 to 1.3 seconds, and the system improved electrical energy efficiency by 31.01% for LED lamp loads and 30.83% for electric fan loads by setting a daily energy consumption limit for each load. Overall, the designed system proved reliable in terms of measurement accuracy, relay response time, and energy-saving efficiency.